United Nations
Human Rights Council
Twenty-fourth session
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya
Addendum
A/HRC/24/41/Add.4, 2 September 2013
Communications sent, replies received and observations, August 2012 – July 2013
PDF Version
Summary
The Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, submits to the Human Rights Council, pursuant to its resolution 15/14, the present report on specific cases he has examined concerning alleged violations of the human rights of indigenous peoples in many parts of the world. The present report includes cases examined by the Special Rapporteur since finalizing his last report on communications to the Human Rights Council in August 2012 (A/HRC/21/47/Add.3) through communications sent as of 31 May 2013 and replies receive as of 31 July 2013. This report should be considered in conjunction with the last three joint communications reports of Special Procedures mandate holders which have been issued during this time frame (A/HRC/22/67; A/HRC/23/51; and A/HRC/24/21). The full texts of the communications sent and replies received are available through the indicated hyperlinks in the electronic version of the present report. Where follow-up letters sent or replies received included in the present report relate to letters sent by the Special Rapporteur before the reporting period, the earlier letters are also included for ease of reference. For each case the Special Rapporteur provides a brief summary of the case along with his observations. The Special Rapporteur’s observations may highlight aspects or comment on the adequacy of any response to the allegations transmitted, reiterate recommendations previously made to the Government or other actor concerned, or make reference to relevant international standards.
Contents
Paragraphes
I. Introduction…………………………………….1–7
II. Cases examined…………………………….8–170
1. Argentina…………………………………. 8–10
2. Bangladesh……………………………….11–16
3. Botswana………………………………….17–24
4. Brazil………………………………………..25–27
5. Brazil………………………………………..28–29
6. Cameroun……………………………….. 30–33
7. Canada……………………………………..34–41
8. Canada……………………………………..42–46
9. Canada……………………………………..47–52
10. Chile………………………………………… 53–58
11. Colombia……………………………………59–62
12. Colombia………………………………….. 63–68
13. Colombia………………………………….. 69–73
14. Costa Rica……………………………….. 74–78
15. Costa Rica……………………………….. 79–81
16. Ecuador……………………………………..82–83
17. Ethiopia………………………………………84–86
18. Guatemala………………………………… 87–91
19. Guatemala………………………………… 92–95
20. Indonesia………………………………….. 96–105
21. Kenya…………………………………….. 106–110
22. México…………………………………….. 111–116
23. Nepal………………………………………. 117–120
24. New Zealand………………………………121–124
25. Nicaragua………………………………… 125–128
26. Peru………………………………………… 129–134
27. Philippines……………………………….. 135–137
28. Philippines……………………………….. 138–139
29. Russian Federation…………………… 140–142
30. Suriname…………………………………. 143–146
31. Suriname…………………………………. 147–151
32. United Republic of Tanzania……….. 152–153
33. United States of America……………. 154–157
34. United States of America……………. 158–160
35. United States of America……………. 161–164
36. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). 165–168
37. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). 169–171
I. Introduction
1. The Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, submits to the Human Rights Council, pursuant to its resolution 15/14, the present report on specific cases he has examined concerning alleged violations of the human rights of indigenous peoples in many parts of the world. The present report includes cases examined by the Special Rapporteur since finalizing his last report on communications to the Human Rights Council in August 2012 (A/HRC/21/47/Add.3) through communications sent as of 31 May 2013 and replies received as of 31 July 2013.
2. For each of the cases, the dates of the initial letter sent, any follow-up by the Special Rapporteur, and any reply or replies received by the State or other party concerned are indicated. The electronic version of the present document has the indicated letters hyperlinked. The full texts of the communications sent and the replies received can be accessed by clicking on these hyperlinks.
3. This report should be considered in conjunction with the last three joint communications reports of Special Procedures mandate holders that have been issued for the period under review (A/HRC/22/67; A/HRC/23/51; and A/HRC/24/21). Where follow-up letters sent or replies received included in the present report relate to letters sent by the Special Rapporteur before the present reporting period, the earlier letters are also included for ease of reference.
4. Cases included in the present report have been grouped by country, with countries listed alphabetically. Each original communication in the cases examined is referenced as an urgent appeal (UA), allegation letter (AL), joint urgent appeal (JUA), joint allegation letter (JAL), other letter (OL), or joint other letter (JOL). For some cases, and as indicated below in each specific case, the Special Rapporteur has issued follow-up letters, either containing new allegations or evaluation of the case.
5. For each case the Special Rapporteur provides a brief summary of the case along with his observations The Special Rapporteur’s observations may highlight aspects or comment on the adequacy of any response to the allegations transmitted, reiterate recommendations previously made to the Government or other actor concerned, or make reference to relevant international standards.
6. As indicated, the period under review covers cases examined by the Special Rapporteur since completing his last annual report on communications in 2012 through communications sent as of 31 May 2013 and replies received as of 31 July 2013. During this period, the Special Rapporteur sent a total of 38 communications, 9 of which were joint allegations letter or urgent appeals, and released 7 press statements. In total, these communications and press statements were directed towards 23 States and 2 corporations. In response, the Special Rapporteur received 23 replies to his communications and press statements. The Special Rapporteur also received 3 replies by States to letters sent prior to the reporting period. In total, for those letters included in the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur has received responses by Governments and corporations at a rate of 60 per cent.
7. The Special Rapporteur expresses his gratitude to all States and other parties that have responsed to his communications. In this context, the Special Rapporteur recalls paragraph two of the Human Rights Council resolution 15/14, which “Requests all Governments to cooperate fully with the Special Rapporteur in the performance of the tasks and duties mandated, to furnish all available information requested in his/her communications, and to react promptly to his/her urgent appeals.”
II. Cases examined
1. Argentina
Caso no. ARG 3/2012: Alegaciones sobre los posibles efectos del proceso de reforma del código civil y comercial sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas
8. La comunicación enviada por el Relator Especial el 14 de diciembre 2012 transmitió las alegaciones recibidas con respecto a los posibles efectos sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas que surgirían a raíz de la inclusión de ciertas disposiciones referentes a los pueblos indígenas en el proyecto de reforma del código civil y comercial. Las preocupaciones giraban en torno al reconocimiento de la propiedad comunitaria indígena, la caracterización y alcance de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas sobre sus tierras y recursos naturales tradicionales, y las posibles limitaciones en el reconocimiento de las formas propias de organización y representación de los pueblos indígenas. Asimismo, se alegaba la supuesta falta de consulta adecuada con los pueblos indígenas del país con respecto a este proyecto.
9. Por medio de una carta con fecha 16 de enero de 2013, el Gobierno de Argentina envió al Relator Especial una respuesta detallada en la que da una explicación sobre la manera en que, según el Gobierno, el anteproyecto representa un avance en el reconocimiento del carácter colectivo de la propiedad comunitaria indígena, de la personería jurídica propia de las comunidades indígenas conforme a sus pautas culturales y formas organizativas, y de la gestión de sus recursos naturales. El Gobierno también hizo mención de distintas audiencias públicas efectuadas por la comisión legislativa encargada de la elaboración del proyecto de reforma y por el Instituto Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas. Según el Gobierno, estas audiencias brindaron espacios de participación para que los representantes de los pueblos indígenas pudieran presentar sus sugerencias y propuestas en relación con el proyecto de reforma del código civil y penal. El Gobierno también informó sobre el futuro proceso de elaboración de una legislación específica sobre propiedad comunitaria indígena que se realizaría con posterioridad a la aprobación del proyecto de reforma del código civil y comercial.
Observaciones
10. El Relator Especial quisiera agradecer al Gobierno de Argentina por su respuesta detallada. Sin embargo, toma nota de la existencia de perspectivas divergentes entre las del Gobierno y otras fuentes de información con respecto a las disposiciones del proyecto de reforma del código civil y comercial relacionadas con los pueblos indígenas. Tal como expuso en su comunicación del 28 de marzo de 2013, el Relator Especial considera que se debe asegurar que el articulado del proyecto concerniente a los derechos de los pueblos indígenas sea suficientemente claro y preciso con el fin de evitar cualquier interpretación que resultara contraria a las obligaciones internacionales de Argentina bajo el Convenio No. 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo sobre los pueblo indígenas y tribales en países independientes y otros instrumentos internacionales en materia de derechos humanos. Asimismo, reitera sus observaciones transmitidas en dicha comunicación sobre temas puntuales del proyecto en relación con la personería jurídica indígena y el deber del Estado de consultar a los pueblos indígenas con respecto al aprovechamiento de recursos naturales. El Relator saluda la iniciativa del Gobierno de elaborar una legislación específica sobre la propiedad comunitaria indígena. Recalca a la vez que la elaboración de esta legislación debe ser producto de un proceso de consulta previa con los pueblos indígenas conforme a los estándares internacionales aplicables.
2. Bangladesh
Case No. OL 6/2012: Potential impacts of a proposed open-pit coal mine in the township of Phulbari on the human rights of indigenous communities
11. In a joint letter of 6 July 2012 to Global Coal Management Resources, plc (GCM Resources), the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples – along with the Special Rapporteurs on the right to food; adequate housing; extreme poverty; freedom of opinion and expression; freedom of peaceful assembly and association; and safe drinking water and sanitation – communicated concerns about the alleged human rights impacts of the company’s coal mining project in the township of Phulbari, Bangladesh. This joint communication was prompted by a letter of 20 March 2012 from GCM Resources directed to the Special Rapporteurs regarding a press release they had issued on 28 February 2012, about the Phulbari coal mine project. In their 6 July 2012 joint communication, the Special Rapporteurs reiterated concerns that had been previously expressed to the Government of Bangladesh in a joint allegation letter dated 21 December 2011. The previous communications and press release related to the Phulbari coal mine are included in the Special Rapporteur’s previous communications report of 2012 (A/HRC/21/47/Add. 3, paras. 12-16).
12. The 6 July 2012 letter to GCM Resources from the above-mentioned Special Rapporteurs transmitted allegations originally received that the proposed coalmine, if constructed, would have a significant negative impact on indigenous and other local communities’ food production and access to water. Concerns were also expressed that over time the proposed mine would allegedly displace or impoverish up to 50,000 indigenous people belonging to 23 different tribal groups. Other concerns were raised regarding the reported lack of consultation with affected communities in addition to allegations of suppression of freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.
13. In a letter dated 31 January 2013 GCM Resources transmitted its response, which disputed many of the alleged facts and included information regarding the supposed benefits that would flow from the proposed Phulbari coalmine and the company’s stated commitment to the observance of international human rights standards in its operations. The response also provided details of various consultations and impact studies that have occurred and been incorporated into the project planning and resettlement programmes, thus indicating that the lands, resources and food sources of local communities would not be affected in the manner or to the degree raised in the allegations received.
Observations
14. The Special Rapporteur takes note of the detailed information provided by GCM Resources and the high level of attention it has given to the conduct of its operations. Nonetheless, he would like to reiterate his observations on the company’s previous letter of 20 March 2012, in which he stressed the need to ensure compliance with international standards on indigenous peoples’ land and natural resource rights in accordance with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and other international human rights instruments (A/HRC/21/47/Add. 3, paras. 12-16).
15. The Special Rapporteur notes in particular information submitted by the company about consultations carried out with local and indigenous individuals and communities concerning the project. He cannot but help to notice that, despite such consultations, the realization of the project as planned, including the resettlement of the communities, appears by the company’s account to be considered as a given, without the affected local communities first having been given a genuine choice in the matter. Article 10 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples affirms that no relocation of indigenous peoples “shall take place without the free, prior and informed consent of the indigenous peoples concerned and after agreement on just and fair compensation and, where possible, with the option of return” (emphasis added). The Special Rapporteur, furthermore, emphasizes the role of the State in ensuring prior, adequate consultations and agreements with indigenous peoples in regard to natural resource development projects affecting them. Especially relevant in this regard is article 32.2 of Declaration, which provides, “States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoples concerned through their own representative institutions on order to obtain their free and informed consent prior to the approval of any project affecting their lands or territories and other resources, particularly in connection with the development, utilization or exploitation of mineral, water or other resources.”
16. In regard to the application of these and other international standards that are pertinent to cases such as this one, the Special Rapporteur calls attention to his recent thematic report to the Human Rights Council on extractive industries and indigenous peoples (A/HRC/24/41). Also relevant are his previous reports to the Council on extractive industries (A/HRC/18/35 and A/HRC/21/47), as well as his reports on the duty to consult (A/HRC/12/34) and on corporate responsibilities with respect to indigenous peoples (A/HRC/15/37).
3. Botswana
Case No. BWA 1/2013: The situation of the Basarwa and Bakgalagadi indigenous peoples in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve
· Follow-up letter by Special Rapporteur:
27/02/2013
17. In a communication of 12 February 2013, the Special Rapporteur called the attention of the Government of Botswana to allegations concerning the ongoing situation of Basarwa and Bakgalagadi indigenous peoples following their eviction from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The removal was the basis for the case of Roy Sesana and Others v. The Attorney General, decided by the High Court of Botswana in 2006. In its decision, the High Court held that the indigenous groups concerned were deprived of the lawful possession of their land and that the Government’s subsequent refusal to allow former residents to return to the reserve without a permit was unlawful and unconstitutional. The situation of indigenous peoples in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve was addressed in the Special Rapporteur’s 2010 report on the situation of indigenous peoples of Botswana (A/HRC/15/37/Add.2, paras. 64-75).
18. The Special Rapporteur’s 12 February 2013 communication raised concerns regarding allegations he received that the Government of Botswana continued to impose restrictions, including permit requirements, on former indigenous residents of the reserve who wished to return to there. Further, it was alleged that residents who have been able to return to the reserve are not provided with basic Government services to meet their food, water and health needs. These basic services were terminated by the Government prior to the Sesana decision allegedly to force residents out of the reserve. It was also alleged that current residents of the reserve experience criminal prosecutions, arrests, harassment, beatings and intimidation by police and park officials for engaging in their traditional subsistence hunting and gathering activities.
19. On 22 February 2013, the Government provided a preliminary response to the Special Rapporteur stating its position against the application of the term “indigenous peoples” in the context of Botswana and asserting that “all ethnic groups in Botswana are indigenous to the country” (except for non-African immigrants), a position to which the Special Rapporteur responded in his follow-up letter of 27 February 2013.
20. In a letter of 30 July 2013, the Government addressed the merits of the allegations transmitted. In that response it emphasized that the 2006 High Court’s decision in Sesana, although holding that the eviction from the reserve was unlawful, determined that the Government’s termination of basic services to residents of the reserve was itself neither unlawful nor unconstitutional and that the Government is therefore not obligated to restore those services. The Government explained that it nonetheless has allowed access by residents to a water borehole that it maintains within the reserve, in accordance with a decision by the Court of Appeal of 27 January 2011. It further explained that it provides access to Government services to Basarwa and Bakgalagadi people in settlements established outside of the reserve. Additionally, the Government referred to a procedure under domestic law for the issuance of special licenses to hunt game, while at the same time confirming that hunting in the reserve is prohibited and that several individuals have been arrested for illegal possession of hunted game animals. The Government denied any mistreatment of detainees or suspects. Finally, the Government referred to the formation in 2008 of “a negotiating team …with a view to find an amicable solution to the CKGR matter” (para. 15).
Observations
21. The Special Rapporteur is grateful to the Government for its responses to his communications. As indicated by the Special Rapporteur in his letter of 27 February 2013, the Basarwa and Bakgalagadi peoples, while not necessarily more indigenous than others in the country, have characteristics of non-dominance and disadvantage that are similar to those of indigenous peoples around the world, and thus, like indigenous peoples generally, they fall within the terms of his mandate and within the scope of concern of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
22. The Special Rapporteur regrets to observe that the Government is maintaining its policy of resettling Basarwa and Bkgalagadi communities from their traditional lands within the Central Kalahari Game Reserve and of discouraging residency in the reserve by, inter alia, withholding the provision of basic services and restricting or prohibiting subsistence activities within the reserve. As stated in his report on Botswana of 2010, this policy raises significant concerns about the basic welfare of the indigenous people who have returned to or maintained residence on their traditional lands within the reserve and, moreover, is not in keeping with international human rights standards (A/HRC/15/37, Add. 2, paras. 73-74).
23. Thus, the Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate the recommendation he made in his 2010 report that the Government fully and faithfully implement the 2006 Sesana judgment and take additional remedial action in accordance with international standards, including “facilitating the return of all those removed from the reserve who wish to do so, allowing them to engage in subsistence hunting and gathering in accordance with traditional practices, and providing them the same government services available to people of Botswana elsewhere” (A/HRC/15/37/Add.2 para. 97).
24. To that end, the Special Rapporteur encourages the work of the negotiation mechanism established in 2008, which includes as participants representatives of Government as well as of affected indigenous groups. The Special Rapporteur understands that the negotiation mechanism could serve as a valuable tool to address issues of significant concern including the return of former residents to the reserve, the lack of basic services for current residents, and impediments to hunting and other subsistence activities within the reserve.
4. Brazil
Case No. BRA 12/2012: Alleged violent attacks against the Guaraní –Kaiowá indigenous community of Arrio Korá
· State reply: None to date
25. In his communication to the Government of Brazil of 8 October 2012, the Special Rapporteur called attention to the alleged violent attacks against the Guarani-Kaiowá indigenous community of Arrio Korá that occurred during a peaceful land rights protest, which reportedly resulted in the disappearance and possible death of a community member. The Special Rapporteur urged the Government to provide information regarding the alleged circumstances related to the attacks. Additionally, the Special Rapporteur requested the Government to provide information regarding the measures that have been taken or were planned to provide security for the Guarani-Kaiowá community as well as measures to address the pattern of violence against indigenous peoples in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.
Observations
26. The Special Rapporteur regrets that there is no response from the Government of Brazil to his communication of 8 October 2012 in the records of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Since 2009, the Special Rapporteur has communicated with the Government regarding deep concerns of the profound effects of historical Government policies of selling large tracts of traditional indigenous lands to non-indigenous individuals in regions such as Mato Grosso do Sul. These policies resulted in indigenous peoples being dispossessed of large parts of their traditional lands and in the current patterns of ongoing violence against the indigenous peoples in association with their efforts to reclaim their lands (A/HRC/15/37/Add.1, paras. 60 – 64).
27. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate the observations and recommendations he made on the situation in Mato Grosso do Sul in his 2009 report following his mission to Brazil. Specifically, the Special Rapporteur reported that numerous killings and threats of violence against indigenous peoples are either directly or indirectly related to their struggle to recover land, and he recommended steps to protect indigenous peoples from violence and provide redress for the taking of their lands (A/HRC/12/34/Add.2, paras. 32, 46 – 50, 83-85, 90).
5. Brazil
Case No. BRA 13/2012: The situation of the Guaraní-Kaiowá community of Pyelito Kue/Mbarakay in Mato Grosso do Sul allegedly facing eviction from lands considered to be their traditional territory
· State reply: None to date
28. In his communication of 6 November 2012 the Special Rapporteur drew to the attention of the Government of Brazil allegations concerning the human rights situation of the Guarani-Kaiowá community of Pyelito Kue/Mbarakay in Mato Grosso do Sul whose members allegedly faced the risk of eviction from lands considered to be their traditional territory. These community members reportedly began occupation of a two-hectare area after armed men allegedly connected to local landowners destroyed their previous settlement, and as the result of the community’s frustration over delays in the Government’s demarcation of its lands. At the request of the presumed owners of the occupied area, a federal court ordered the eviction of the Pyelito Kue/Mbarakay community in September 2012 from that area. Due to outcries by the community and action by the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI), this order was suspended on 29 October 2012 pending the completion of the anthropological studies needed for the demarcation of the community’s lands, and on the condition that community members remain only within a one hectare area and not the two hectare area they have settled since November 2011. It was alleged that within this context the Pyelito Kue/Mbarakay community continued to face threats of violence and reprisals from local landowners.
Observations
29. The Special Rapporteur regrets that there is no response to the communication of 6 November 2012 in the files of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Special Rapporteur will continue to monitor this situation. As he has done in previous reports, the Special Rapporteur again emphasizes that he remains deeply concerned about the onging effects of past Government policies of selling large tracts of traditional indigenous lands to non-indigenous individuals in Brazil, including ongoing violence against the indigenous peoples of Mato Grosso do Sul who are reclaiming their lands (A/HRC/12/34/Add.2, paras. 32, 46 – 54 and A/HRC/15/37/Add.1, paras. 60 – 64).
6. Cameroun
Affaire n° CMR 4/2012: lettre concernant les violations graves des droits de l’homme subies par le peuple autochtone mbororo
· Réponse de l’État : Aucun à ce jour
30. Dans sa lettre du 25 Octobre 2012, le Rapporteur Spécial sur les droits des peuples autochtones a portées à l’attentiondu gouvernement duCameroun les allégations reçues concernant des violations graves et persistantes des droits de l’homme subies par les populations autochtones Mbororo dans la région nord-ouest du pays aux mains d’un propriétaire terrien local. Les informations reçues indiquent que les Mbororo ont enduré la dépossession de leurs terres; emprisonnement illégal et injuste; la perte de bétail; la remise en cause de leurs structures de direction et institutions; et l’exploitation sexuelle des femmes Mbororo. De graves préoccupations ont été exprimées que les autorités gouvernementales n’ont pas pris de mesures suffisantes pour enquêter sanctionner et prévenir les violations présumées des droits de l’homme commises par le propriétaire contre les membres des populations autochtones Mbororo.
31. Par la suite, le Rapporteur spécial a envoyé une lettre d’appel urgent au Gouvernement le 4 Avril 2013 concernant les allégations de menaces et de représailles contre les membres des populations autochtones Mbororo. En particulier, le Rapporteur spécial a exprimé ses préoccupations au sujet des allégations reçues, que les menaces et les représailles ont été perpétrés contre des individus Mbororo à la suite de sa communication 25 Octobre 2012 et de leurs travaux en cours dans la défense et la promotion des droits de l’homme des populations autochtones Mbororo.
Observations
32. Le Rapporteur spécial regrette qu’aucune réponse n’a été reçue du gouvernement du Cameroun en ce qui concerne les questions présentées dans ses communications. Il voudrait encourager le gouvernement à fournir une réponse dès que possible, en particulier aux questions posées dans les deux communications au Gouvernement concernant les mesures qu’il a prises pour remédier aux droits fonciers et d’autres questions relatives aux droits de l’homme affectant les Mbororo, ainsi que les mesures qu’il a prises pour enquêter sur les incidents de menaces et d’intimidation contre les défenseurs des droits humains Mbororo.
33. Le Rapporteur spécial réitère sa préoccupation face aux allégations de menaces permanentes et d’intimidation contre les défenseurs des droits Mbororo. Comme indiqué précédemment dans sa communication du 4 Avril 2013, le Rapporteur spécial demande instamment au Gouvernement du Cameroun pour enquêter sur ces questions et de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour protéger les défenseurs des droits humains Mbororo contre les risques pour leur vie et leur intégrité personnelle, en raison de leur travail de défense des droits de l’homme. Le Rapporteur spécial continuera de surveiller cette situation et peut offrir d’autres observations à une date ultérieure.
7. Canada
Case No. CAN 2/2012: The situation of the Attawapiskat First Nation and broader issues related to the social and economic conditions of First Nations in Canada
· Follow-up letter by Special Rapporteur: AL
10/05/2012
34. In a communication dated 10 May 2012, the Special Rapporteur followed up on a previous exchange of information with the Government of Canada regarding the emergency housing situation of the Attawapiskat First Nation and broader issues related to the social and economic conditions of First Nations in Canada. This situation was first brought to the attention of the Government by the Special Rapporteur through an urgent appeal on 19 December 2011 to which the Government responded on 14 February 2012 (A/HRC/21/47/Add.3, paras. 25-27 and A/HRC/22/67, p. 174).
35. In his 10 May 2012 letter, the Special Rapporteur followed-up on his earlier communication with comments and further inquires in light of the Government’s response and additional information that had come to his attention. He noted that many of the short-term concerns with respect to the emergency housing situation in Attawapiskat had been or were being addressed while also observing that there had been criticism about the timeliness and adequacy of the Government’s response. The Special Rapporteur also noted that the Government had removed the controversial third-party manager that it had put in place to administer emergency housing funds for the Attawapiskat First Nation. That removal was reportedly due to improvements in the health and safety situation of the Attawapiskat community. However, according to information received, the Attawapiskat people continued to criticize and challenge the legality of the Government’s decision to appoint the third-party manager in the first place, as well as to allege that the manager mishandled funds. Finally, the Special Rapporteur expressed concerns regarding the social and economic conditions of First Nations in Canada and posed a series of questions to the Government about funding for basic social and economic programs and services to First Nations.
36. The Government of Canada provided a response by a communication dateed 10 September 2012. In its response, the Government informed about the measures adopted for the Attawapiskat First Nation to support housing and education as well as capacity-building for self-management. With regards to issues related to the appointment of a third-party manager during the housing crisis in Attawapiskat, the Government stated that a co-management scheme had resumed as of 19 April 2012 and that on 1 August 2012 the Federal Court in Ottawa granted judicial review of the appointment. The Government also provided information on the social and economic issues raised by the Special Rapporteur more generally.
Observations
37. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of Canada for its response of 10 September 2012. He takes note of the information regarding various financial and other measures taken by the Government to address the housing and educational conditions in the Attawapiskat First Nation. As stated in his 10 May 2012 communication, the Special Rapporteur would like to encourage the Government to build upon these initiatives and to work with the Attawapiskat First Nation to develop medium and long term solutions to the social and economic situation faced in the community, particularly in the area of housing. Similarly, he would like to point out again that concerted efforts will have to be taken to help overcome the significant feelings of mistrust and frustration that exist among the people of Attawapiskat following this situation. In addition, he would like to reiterate his observation that the goal of increasing the self-determination of the Attawapiskat First Nation should be folded into all initiatives to improve the First Nation’s social and economic conditions.
38. Regarding the appointment of a third-party manager, the Special Rapporteur notes the Government’s position that, even while the third-party manager was in place, the Attawapiskat First Nation’s Chief and Council continued to manage the First Nation’s own funds and retained full control over all resources and funding that did not relate to the Nation’s funding agreement with the Government of Canada. Related to this, the Special Rapporteur takes note of the Government assertion that it is unaware of the basis for the allegation of mismanagement of funds by the third-party manager and therefore is unable to respond to the claim.
39.
The Special Rapporteur also takes note of the information provided by the Government regarding the judicial review granted by the Federal Court with respect to the Government’s decision to appoint the third-party manager, which according to the Government, it might appeal. The Special Rapporteur is aware that the Federal Court’s judgment of 1 August 2012 held that the Government’s decision to appoint a third-party manager was “unreasonable in all circumstances” of the case.[1] In light of this judgment, the Special Rapporteur would like to again urge, as he did in his 10 May 2012 communication, that any future decision that would limit or remove Attawapiskat decision-making authority be carefully considered and evaluated in light of Canada’s human rights obligations.
40. Regarding Government funding for social and economic services to First Nations in Canada generally, the Special Rapporteur acknowledges the Governments detailed explanation and responses to his questions about such funding. At the same time, he cannot help but notice the significant divergence between the Government’s assessment and that of other sources about the adequacy or fairness of funding for First Nations. In this regard, he Special Rapporteur notes that the Government’s response did not specifically address the concerns he raised in his 10 May 2012 letter, that while the total amount of funding for First Nations programs has increased, it has not been at a rate equal to population growth or inflation rates. The Special Rapporteur further notes that, as pointed out by the Government in its response, the issue of whether or not funding for basic services for First Nations is adequate in comparison to spending for similar services by the provinces is the subject of ongoing litigation.
41. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to further dialogue with the Government regarding the situation of the Attawapiskat First Nation and broader issues related to the social and economic conditions of First Nations throughout the country during his anticipated visit to Canada in October 2013.
8. Canada
Case No. CAN 3/2012: Alleged hunger strike by the Chief of the Attawapiskat First Nation in protest of legislative developments and social and economic conditions affecting indigenous peoples in Canada
42. In his urgent appeal of 2 January 2013, the Special Rapporteur brought to the attention of the Government of Canada information regarding Chief Theresa Spence of the Attawapiskat First Nation who reportedly initiated a hunger strike on 11 December 2012 in Ottawa in order to protest recently adopted federal legislation alleged to negatively affect indigenous peoples, alleged violations of treaty rights, and ongoing critical social and economic conditions in Attawapiskat and other aboriginal communities in Canada. According to the information received, Chief Spence was requesting that the Prime Minister and the Governor General meet with indigenous leaders in order to address issues of concern. Chief Spence’s protest reportedly was being carried out within the context of various demonstrations by indigenous people in Ottawa and other parts of Canada. This urgent appeal followed up on related communications from the Special Rapporteur to the Government of 19 December 2011 and 10 May 2012 regarding the situation of the Attawapiskat First Nation (A/HRC/21/47/Add.3, paras. 25 – 27).
43. On 8 January 2013, the Special Rapporteur issued a press release about the hunger strike and other protests by First Nations members. In his press release, the Special Rapporteur noted that the Prime Minister had agreed to meet with Fist Nations leaders and encouraged Government and First Nations leaders to engage in good faith meaningful dialogue.
44. The Government of Canada provided its response to the urgent appeal by a communication dated 4 February 2013. The Government informed that Chief Spence’s protest had ended and provided information on related developments and on the referenced legislation.
Observations
45. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of Canada for its response of 4 February 2013. He takes note of information regarding a meeting between high-level Government officials, including the Prime Minister, and indigenous representatives. In particular, he notes as an outcome of the meeting commitments by the Prime Minister to further high-level dialogue between the Government and the Assembly of First Nations regarding the treaty relationship and comprehensive claims; to provide enhanced oversight from the Prime Minister’s Office and the Privy Council Office on Aboriginal matters; and to debrief members of his cabinet on the meeting and meet with the Assembly of First Nations National Chief to consider next steps. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to learning about the follow-up to these commitments.
46. The Special Rapporteur also notes information provided by the Government on the recent federal legislation, while also taking note that the Government’s assessment of that legislation contrasts with views expressed by other sources about the legislation’s effects on aboriginal and treaty rights, and about the adequacy of the opportunities aboriginal peoples had to influence the legislation before it was adopted. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to further dialogue with the Government regarding the issues raised in the urgent appeal during his upcoming visit to Canada in October 2013.
9. Canada
Case No. CAN 1/2013: Allegations concerning the evacuation of residents of the Lake St. Martin First Nation and the consequent social, economic and cultural effects
47. In his communication of 12 February 2013, the Special Rapporteur brought to the attention of the Government of Canada allegations concerning the situation of residents of the Lake St. Martin First Nation who were evacuated from their reserve by the province of Manitoba. It was alleged that more than 1,400 residents of the Lake St. Martin First Nation, an Anishinabe indigenous community, were evacuated from their reserve in May 2011 in order to divert floodwaters that were headed toward the city of Winnipeg. The floodwaters were allegedly diverted into several indigenous communities including the Lake St. Martin reserve where numerous homes were rendered uninhabitable due to the flooding.
48. The Lake St. Martin First Nation leadership reportedly attempted to negotiate with the province of Manitoba to have their permanent homes be in “Site 9”, an area they prefer for its location and potential for economic development initiatives. However, it was alleged that neither the provincial government nor the federal government adequately considered the community’s requests with respect to Site 9 being the location of their new permanent reserve. According to the allegations, a temporary site at a former military base agreed to by the community and province was uninhabitable due to snake infestations and therefore the majority of community members did not move there. It was also alleged that the province bought another piece of land adjacent to the old reserve without the knowledge or consent of the community. That location was allegedly not accepted by the community because of its vulnerability to flooding. It was further alleged that, in the meantime, relocated residents of Lake St. Martin First Nation living in Winnipeg have faced reduced government assistance and consequently endured financial hardships, as well as psychological and emotional distress due to their relocation, which has led to an increase in suicides by community members.
49. The Government of Canada provided its response by a communication dated 23 April 2013. In its response, the Government stated that 1,057 residents of the Lake St. Martin First Nation were evacuated during the flood of May 2011, the vast majority of which live in rental properties or other private accommodations, and not in hotel rooms as was alleged. It informed of government financial support provided to evacuees for housing and education, and provided an explanation on the nature of emergency daily allowances given after the May 2011 flood. The Government also indicated that the federal government and the province of Manitoba have continually consulted with Lake St. Martin and other First Nations communities affected by the May 2011 flood about long-term solutions to various issues including flood prevention, reparation of houses and infrastructure in the reserves, emergency measures and compensation. The Government denied that the temporary housing site agreed to by both Manitoba and the community was uninhabitable due to snake infestation. With regards to the “Site 9” referred to in the allegations, the Government stated that Lake St. Martin, the province of Manitoba and Canada are engaged in confidential discussions about the possibility of it being the new permanent reserve lands for the community. It added that the federal and provincial governments are both providing funding support to Lake St. Martin to participated in those discussions, and that the community has legal counsel and advisors that participate in the discussions.
Observations
50. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of Canada for its response of 23 April 2013. He takes note of the information regarding various social, educational and financial assistance programs provided to residents of Lake St. Martin First Nation affected by the May 2011 flood. He also takes note of the dialogue that the Government officials have maintained with Lake St. Martin and other First Nations in order to arrive at short and long-term solutions to issues they have faced after the flooding of their lands.
51. He observes, however, that divergent views are represented by the Government and the allegations received regarding the number of Lake St. Martin residents affected by the May 2011 flood, the number of evacuated residents who still lived in hotel rooms as opposed to permanent housing, and the extent of community residents’ need or eligibility for continued government assistance. He also points out the divergent views as to the adequacy and habitability of the temporary housing provided by the provincial government. The Special Rapporteur further notes that the Government’s response did not make reference to the alleged cultural and psychological effects faced by members, including youth, of the Lake St. Martin First Nation after their relocation from their traditional homelands to the city of Winnipeg. The Special Rapporteur would like to point out the need for inclusion of culturally appropriate measures to help community members overcome these types of effects as part of the long-term solutions discussed by the Government and the Lake St. Martin First Nation.
52. The Special Rapporteur understands that, since the exchange of information referred to above, the Government and the Lake St. Martin First Nation have reached agreement on a site to be developed, with the support of federal and provincial governments, as a place for the evacuees of the 2011 flood to resettle. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to learning more about the terms of this agreement, and the perspectives of all concerned regarding it, during his visit to Canada in October 2013.
10. Chile
Caso no. CHL 4/2012: Alegaciones sobre el supuesto uso excesivo de la fuerza por parte de la policía contra menores de edad indígenas en relación con actos de protesta ocurridos en la región de Araucanía
53. En su carta del 3 de agosto de 2012, el Relator Especial sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas expresó su adhesión a la comunicación conjunta enviada al Gobierno de Chile el 31 de julio de 2012 por los Relatores Especiales sobre la promoción y protección de libertad expresión y opinión; sobre el derecho de libertad de reunión y asociación pacíficas; sobre la situación de los defensores de los derechos humanos; y sobre ejecuciones extrajudiciales, sumarias y arbitrarias. En esa carta se expresaba preocupación sobre el supuesto uso excesivo de la fuerza por parte de la policía en contra de menores de edad indígenas en el contexto de actos de protesta ocurridos en julio de 2012 en la región de la Araucanía, y en particular en la localidad de Collipulli. El Relator Especial solicitó al Gobierno que, además de contestar a las preguntas planteadas por los Relatores Especiales en la carta del 31 de julio de 2012, le proporcionara información actualizada sobre los pasos que el Gobierno hubiese dado para tratar el asunto de tierras indígenas del pueblo mapuche y para asegurar un comportamiento policial adecuado frente a los actos de protesta social relativos a los reclamos territoriales indígenas.
54. Mediante sus comunicaciones del 13 de agosto de 2012 y del 7 de septiembre de 2012, el Gobierno respondió a la carta del Relator Especial. Las respuestas del Gobierno hacen un recuento de la actuación policial durante los sucesos de julio de 2012 en la localidad de Collipulli y las acciones que se han dado a favor de los jóvenes indígenas presuntamente lesionados y para investigar alegaciones de abuso policial. Además, se expone una serie de medidas adoptadas para atender la situación social, cultural y económica del pueblo mapuche, así como para atender la situación de la niñez y juventud indígena.
Observaciones
55. El Relator Especial agradece al Gobierno de Chile por su respuestas del 13 de agosto de 2012 y del 7 de septiembre de 2012. El Relator Especial reconoce, como señaló el Gobierno en sus respuestas, que en la Araucanía ha existido un clima de alta conflictividad social que ha conducido a situaciones de protesta social por parte de personas indígenas que en varios casos han resultado en actos contrarios al orden público. El Relator Especial quisiera reiterar la observación, hecha en su informe de 2009 sobre la situación de los pueblos indígenas en Chile, que este clima de conflictividad pueda haberse debido a la sensación por parte de algunos miembros de comunidades mapuche de que no tienen otras opciones más adecuadas para efectivamente reivindicar sus derechos a tierras ancestrales o para obtener reparaciones por tierras que pudieran haber sido tomadas sin su consentimiento (A/HRC/12/34/Add.6, párr. 57).
56. Por tanto, el Relator Especial resalta la importancia de que se establezcan mecanismos efectivos de resolución de las demandas territoriales de los pueblos indígenas. En ese sentido, reitera su recomendación que el Gobierno establezca “un mecanismo efectivo para reconocer los derechos de los pueblos indígenas sobre tierras y recursos naturales que se basan en la ocupación y uso tradicional o ancestral, de acuerdo con las normas internacionales relevantes,” y que las instituciones estatales relevantes cuenten con suficientes recursos para poder resolver los reclamos de tierra de los pueblos indígenas (A/HRC/12/34/Add.6, párr. 53).
57. La serie de programas que menciona el Gobierno en su respuesta en relación con el desarrollo social y económico del pueblo mapuche, así como para la compra de tierras a favor de familias mapuches, la promoción de la cultura mapuche, y los esfuerzos del Gobierno por desarrollar un mecanismo de consulta con los pueblos indígenas, representan pasos importantes. Al respecto, el Relator Especial reitera la importancia de una respuesta integral al tema de las tierras y otros temas apremiantes para el pueblo mapuche. Así como se señala en su informe sobre Chile de 2009, es necesario que el Estado chileno “desarrolle un máximo de esfuerzos en la adecuación de sus políticas públicas y de la legislación sectorial, de tierras, aguas, geotermia, y medio ambiente, entre otras, para su compatibilidad con el Convenio Nº 169 de la OIT, y las obligaciones internacionales del Estado respecto a los derechos de los pueblos indígenas” (A/HRC/12/34/Add.6, párr. 54).
58. Por otro lado, el Relator Especial valora las iniciativas mencionadas por el Gobierno relacionadas con la atención a niños y jóvenes indígenas, lo que incluiría mecanismos de denuncias sobre situaciones que vulneran sus derechos. Asimismo, nota con interés la información brindada por el Gobierno sobre iniciativas para desarrollar protocolos policiales sobre el uso de la fuerza, el respeto a los derechos humanos, y el relacionamiento con comunidades mapuche. El Relator Especial espera que la elaboración e implementación de estas iniciativas respondan a las verdaderas necesidades y preocupaciones expresadas por las mismas comunidades mapuches con respecto a esos temas particulares.
11. Colombia
Caso no. COL 9/2012: La situación de los pueblos indígenas en el norte del Cauca afectados por el conflicto armado entre grupos irregulares y la fuerza pública
59. El Relator Especial emitió una carta de llamamiento urgente el 7 de agosto de 2012 y una declaración pública el 8 de agosto de 2012 con respecto a la situación que se había dado desde el mes de julio de 2012 en relación con el pueblo nasa en el norte de Cauca cuando sus autoridades habían exigido el retiro de su territorio de la fuerza pública y de la guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC). El Relator Especial expresó su preocupación por la vulnerabilidad creciente que viven los pueblos indígenas de Colombia frente a la presencia militar y los enfrentamientos armados dentro de los territorios que habitan, especialmente en el norte del Departamento del Cauca. Asimismo, instó al Gobierno a avanzar en el diálogo con las autoridades del pueblo nasa en relación con la presencia militar en su territorio.
60. A través de su carta con fecha de 5 de abril de 2013, el Gobierno de Colombia respondió a la comunicación del Relator Especial informando sobre el proceso de diálogo que había establecido con las autoridades indígenas nasa del Departamento del Cauca a raíz de los acontecimientos ocurridos en julio de 2012.
Observaciones
61. El Relator Especial quisiera agradecer al Gobierno de Colombia por su respuesta del 5 de abril de 2013. Toma nota de los importantes compromisos adquiridos por el Gobierno como resultado del diálogo con los pueblos indígenas del Cauca, entre ellos, el reconocimiento de la Guardia Indígena, la promoción de la salud intercultural, la adquisición de tierras para pueblos indígenas, el acceso a frecuencias radiales, y la realización de operativos conjuntos de control, entre la fuerza pública y representantes indígenas, de actividades mineras ilegales que afectan a comunidades indígenas en el departamento del Cauca. A la vez, toma nota del interés expresado por el Gobierno de crear una instancia de coordinación interinstitucional para evaluar el cumplimiento de los compromisos con los pueblos indígenas del Cauca, y también de su voluntad de desarrollar una política pública integral en materia indígena. El Gobierno indicó que enviaría mayor información sobre el desarrollo de estas iniciativas. El Relator Especial espera con interés recibir esa información.
62. Con respecto al tema de la presencia militar en los territorios indígenas, el Relator Especial quisiera reiterar la recomendación hecha en su informe de 2010 sobre la situación de los pueblos indígenas en Colombia en la que urgió a la fuerza pública a “concertar con las autoridades indígenas las condiciones de cualquier presencia necesaria dentro de sus territorios, de conformidad con el artículo 30 de la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas” (A/HRC/15/37/Add.3, párr. 67). Tal como enfatizó en sus comunicaciones sobre este caso, de acuerdo al artículo 30 de la Declaración, aún en los casos que se pudiera constatar un interés público suficiente para justificar la presencia militar en territorios indígenas, “se requiere la consulta previa con los pueblos indígenas interesados para establecer las condiciones de esa presencia.”
12. Colombia
Caso no. COL 14/2012: El supuesto desplazamiento de cinco comunidades indígenas Awá a raíz de un operativo militar
63. En su comunicación del 28 de diciembre de 2012, el Relator Especial transmitió un llamamiento urgente al Gobierno de Colombia con respecto al supuesto desplazamiento de 219 familias (807 personas) indígenas a raíz de operaciones militares efectuadas en el resguardo Awá de Magüí, municipio de Ricaurte, Nariño, el 2 de diciembre de 2012. De acuerdo a la información recibida, el bombardeo también resultó en daños a las viviendas de la población y de la infraestructura vial. Según lo informado, las familias que fueron desplazadas se encontraban en una zona de difícil acceso por los enfrentamientos entre el ejército y la guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) y por la presencia de minas antipersonal instaladas por la guerrilla. Ello causó que no pudieran regresar a sus hogares o acceder a sus tierras de cultivo y que tampoco pudieran recibir ayuda humanitaria suficiente. Debido a la situación de alta vulnerabilidad que ha enfrentado el pueblo indígena Awá a causa del conflicto armado interno, la Corte Constitucional de Colombia en su Auto 004 lo había identificado como uno de los pueblos indígenas en riesgo de extinción que requiere medidas especiales de salvaguarda por parte del Gobierno colombiano.
64. En su respuesta del 26 de febrero de 2013, el Gobierno manifestó que, contrariamente a las alegaciones recibidas, el operativo militar realizado en contra de una unidad de la guerrilla de la FARC en el municipio de Ricaurte, Nariño no ocasionó daños a la población del resguardo Awá de Magüí, sus viviendas o la infraestructura vial. Según el Gobierno, en el área donde se realizó el operativo militar, la guerrilla había instalado minas antipersonal lo cual imposibilitó a la población poder realizar sus labores cotidianas. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, según el Gobierno, la población del resguardo obtuvo asistencia alimentaria por parte de entidades del Estado y organismos internacionales durante varias semanas después del operativo militar. Según lo informado por el Gobierno, luego de terminar el operativo militar, el ejército se retiró del área del resguardo. En su respuesta, el Gobierno afirmó que el ejército y el Ministerio de Defensa Nacional han establecido canales de comunicación directa con las comunidades Awá para que estas comunidades puedan informar sobre cualquier situación que les afectara por motivo del conflicto armado.
65. Con respecto a las minas antipersonal en el territorio Awá, el Gobierno afirmó que debido a la situación de alto riesgo presentada por la presencia de actores armados ilegales en la zona, no había sido posible realizar tareas de desminado. Por lo tanto, según el Gobierno, para reducir los riesgos generados por la presencia de estas minas, se han realizado programas de capacitación en la mitigación de riesgos de minas en distintas comunidades Awá incluyendo en el resguardo Awá de Magüí. Por otro lado, la respuesta del Gobierno también hizo mención de distintas medidas de protección adoptadas a través de varios años por parte de la Unidad Nacional de Protección con el fin de garantizar la seguridad de miembros del pueblo Awá.
Observaciones
66. El Relator Especial quisiera agradecer al Gobierno de Colombia por su respuesta del 26 de febrero de 2013. Toma nota de lo informado sobre el operativo militar en cuestión el cual, según el Gobierno, no habría sido la causa del desplazamiento y la situación humanitaria que vivió la población del resguardo Awá de Magüí. El Relator Especial valora los esfuerzos mencionados por el Gobierno para facilitar la comunicación entre los Awá y el ejército sobre cualquier afectación que sufrieran por causa de la situación de conflicto armado. No obstante, reitera la preocupación expresada en su informe de 2010 sobre la situación de los pueblos indígenas en Colombia de que “la mera presencia de la Fuerza Pública en comunidades indígenas, con frecuencia pone a riesgo a las mismas comunidades que se intenta proteger” (A/HRC/15/37/Add.3, párr. 26). Por tanto, quisiera volver a señalar la necesidad de que cualquier presencia necesaria de la fuerza pública dentro de territorios indígenas sea concertada con las autoridades indígenas correspondientes (A/HRC/15/37/Add.3, párr. 67).
67. El Relator Especial expresa su preocupación sobre la presencia de minas antipersonal en el territorio del resguardo Awá de Magüí, cuyo desmantelamiento, según el Gobierno, no es posible dada la situación de inseguridad por el conflicto armado en esa zona. El Relator Especial espera que puedan realizarse esfuerzos por desmantelar estos artefactos explosivos de manera oportuna una vez que se presenten las condiciones adecuadas para realizar tal tarea. En ese sentido, valora que el Gobierno reconoció en su respuesta que el desminado del territorio Awá representa una obligación por su parte (Respuesta del Gobierno de Colombia, 26/02/2013, párr. 35).
68. El Relator Especial toma nota de las medidas de protección otorgadas a favor de miembros del pueblo Awá por parte de la Unidad Nacional de Protección. A la vez, considera necesario reiterar la importancia de que los planes de salvaguarda ordenados por la Corte Constitucional de Colombia en su Auto 004 de 2009 a favor del pueblo Awá, y otros pueblos indígenas en riesgo de extinción, sean diseñados e implementados según las directrices de la Corte Constitucional y con la plena participación de los autoridades indígenas correspondientes. Asimismo, se requieren suficientes recursos humanos y financieros para la efectiva implementación de estas medidas de protección (A/HRC/15/37/Add.3, párr. 68).
13. Colombia
Caso no. COL 2/2013: Alegaciones sobre la detención del Sr. Manuel Antonio Bautista Pequi, un defensor indígena de derechos humanos
69. En su comunicación conjunta del 16 de enero de 2013, el Relator Especial sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, junto con el Presidente-Relator del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Detención Arbitraria; el Relator Especial sobre la promoción y la protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión; y la Relatora Especial sobre la situación de los defensores de los derechos humanos, llevaron a la atención del Gobierno de Colombia las alegaciones sobre la detención del Sr. Manuel Antonio Bautista Pequi, miembro de la Asociación de Cabildos Indígenas del Norte de Cauca y defensor de derechos humanos. Según la información recibida, el Sr. Bautista Pequi fue arrestado por agentes policiales el 4 de enero de 2013 en Santander de Quilichao y fue imputado del delito de rebelión sin haber pruebas suficientes. Según las alegaciones recibidas, la detención del Sr. Bautista Pequi estaba orientada a obstaculizar sus actividades de defensa de los derechos humanos. Asimismo, se alegaba que 139 órdenes de captura contra dirigentes indígenas, incluyendo el Sr. Bautista Pequi, fueron expedidas luego de los actos de protesta indígena en el norte de Cauca en julio de 2012 en contra de la presencia del ejército y de la guerrilla en territorios indígenas. Se alegó además que un grupo de 24 indígenas que se encontraban afuera de una estación policial para acompañar al Sr. Bautista Pequi luego de haber sido detenido fueron agredidas por elementos policiales del Escuadrón Móvil Antidisturbios.
70. En su respuesta del 20 de marzo de 2013, el Gobierno de Colombia manifestó que la detención del Sr. Bautista Pequi se había dado con base en una orden judicial que fue declarada legal por un juez de control de garantías constitucionales y que no se había presentado ante las autoridades competentes queja alguna en relación con esa detención. El Gobierno también brindó información sobre varias medidas para promover el respeto de los derechos humanos de comunidades indígenas, defensores de derechos humanos y sindicalistas en Colombia en el marco de la Política Integral de Derechos Humanos del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional.
Observaciones
71. El Relator Especial quisiera agradecer al Gobierno de Colombia por su respuesta del 20 de marzo de 2013. Toma nota de lo informado por el Gobierno con respecto a la detención del Sr. Bautista Pequi. Asimismo, toma nota de las distintas iniciativas para la promoción de los derechos humanos que mencionó el Gobierno, lo que incluye una directiva de las fuerzas armadas para “el reconocimiento, protección y prevención de las comunidades de los pueblos indígenas.”
72. Sin embargo, el Relator Especial observa que la respuesta del Gobierno no abarca las preocupaciones expresadas en relación con los supuestos motivos de la detención del Sr. Bautista Pequi como consecuencia de su labor como miembro de la Asociación de Cabildos Indígenas del Norte de Cauca. La respuesta tampoco hace referencia a las alegaciones sobre el supuesto uso excesivo de la fuerza por agentes de la policía en contra de miembros de comunidades indígenas del norte de Cauca que mostraban su apoyo al Sr. Bautista Pequi afuera de una estación policial.
73. En vista de lo anterior, el Relator Especial quisiera reiterar el llamado al Gobierno hecho en su comunicación del 16 de enero de 2013 a que adopte las medidas necesarias para garantizar en este caso los derechos de toda persona contra la detención arbitraria y a un juicio ante un tribunal independiente e imparcial de conformidad con los estándares internacionales aplicables. Asimismo, reitera el llamamiento urgente hecho en esa misma comunicación a que adopte las medidas necesarias para asegurar que el derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión sea respetado. El Relator Especial quisiera hacer recordar que, de acuerdo a los estándares internacionales, los Estados deben tomar todas las medidas necesarias para prevenir, investigar y sancionar posibles abusos por parte de la fuerza pública durante operativos de mantenimiento de orden en el contexto de actos de manifestación social por miembros de pueblos indígenas.
14. Costa Rica
Caso no. CRI 1/2013: La situación del propuesto proyecto hidroeléctrico el Diquís y los supuestos actos de violencia en contra de miembros de la comunidad indígena de Salitre
74. El Relator Especial ha mantenido un diálogo con el Gobierno de Costa Rica y representantes indígenas con respecto a las recomendaciones hechas en su informe de 2011 sobre la situación de los pueblos indígenas que serían afectados por la posible construcción del proyecto hidroeléctrico el Diquís (A/HRC/18/35/Add.8, paras. 8 – 48). En su carta del 15 de enero de 2013, el Relator Especial solicitó información sobre los avances en relación con el propuesto proyecto el Diquís y el proceso de consulta correspondiente con los pueblos indígenas afectados. Dicho proceso de consulta fue una de las recomendaciones principales del Relator Especial en su informe de 2011. Asimismo, solicitó información acerca de otras cuestiones tratadas en su informe, en particular sobre la situación de tierras y de autonomía indígenas. Por otro lado, también llevó a la atención del Gobierno la información recibida sobre los supuestos actos de violencia en contra de miembros de la comunidad indígena de Salitre por personas no-indígenas que supuestamente estaban ocupando tierras dentro del territorio demarcado a favor de la comunidad.
75. En su respuesta del 3 de junio de 2013, el Gobierno de Costa Rica informó sobre las distintas iniciativas tomadas para abordar los temas relacionados con el proyecto hidroeléctrico el Diquís y los sucesos de violencia en la comunidad de Salitre.
Observaciones
76. El Relator Especial quisiera agradecer al Gobierno de Costa Rica por su respuesta del 3 de junio del 2013 en la que informa sobre la instauración de una mesa de diálogo en enero de 2013 conformada por representantes de pueblos indígenas y del Gobierno. Toma nota con agrado que dicha mesa de diálogo aborda no sólo temas relacionados con el proyecto hidroeléctrico de El Diquís, sino también asuntos estructurales relativos al tratamiento de los pueblos indígenas por el Estado, la recuperación de tierras indígenas, la reglamentación del deber de la consulta previa, y la elaboración de un proyecto de ley de desarrollo autónomo de los pueblos indígenas. El Relator Especial espera que esta mesa de diálogo pueda constituirse en un espacio efectivo para la concertación entre el Estado y los pueblos indígenas para resolver las preocupaciones relacionadas con el proyecto El Diquís y los demás temas de interés para los pueblos indígenas de Costa Rica.
77. El Relator Especial también toma nota de lo informado por el Gobierno sobre un proyecto piloto de delimitación y amojonamiento en el territorio de la comunidad de Salitre en Buenos Aires de Puntarenas, y del rechazo expresado por el Gobierno de los actos de violencia en contra de pueblos indígenas en el contexto de conflictos generados por las “invasiones” de tierras indígenas por no indígenas. El Relator Especial espera que dicha expresión de rechazo sea acompañada de acciones decididas para prevenir este tipo de sucesos en el futuro. En ese sentido, valora el esfuerzo que se ha hecho, según el Gobierno, para llamar la atención de las autoridades judiciales para coadyuvar en la prevención de la violencia en contra de los pueblos indígenas. Asimismo, el Relator Especial comparte la esperanza del Gobierno de que la recién conformada mesa de diálogo constituya una vía idónea para que los pueblos indígenas puedan plantear sus preocupaciones en relación con esta problemática.
78. El Relator Especial continuará monitoreando esta situación y el desarrollo del proceso de consulta entre el Gobierno y los pueblos indígenas concernidos con respecto al proyecto hidroeléctrico El Diquís.
15. Costa Rica
Caso no. CRI 1/2012: Supuestas agresiones cometidas en contra de miembros de la comunidad indígena Térraba
79. La comunicación enviada por el Relator Especial el 29 de febrero de 2012 llevó a la atención urgente del Gobierno de Costa Rica supuestas agresiones en contra de miembros de la comunidad indígena Térraba que realizaban un acto de protesta por el nombramiento de personas ajenas a la comunidad para puestos de trabajos en el liceo de la comunidad. Un grupo de padres de familia, estudiantes y docentes ocuparon el liceo para exigir el nombramiento de docentes y personal administrativo indígenas Térraba con el fin de asegurar que la educación en la comunidad fuera culturalmente apropiada. Según la información recibida, el 20 de febrero de 2012 un grupo de personas, en su mayoría no indígenas, entraron al liceo de Térraba por fuerza y agredieron a unos 70 comunitarios, resultando en 17 personas indígenas heridas. En su carta, el Relator Especial reconoció que el Gobierno había dado unos pasos importantes para atender las demandas de la comunidad de Térraba y para responder a los asuntos de fondo de la situación.
80. En su respuesta del 13 de noviembre de 2012, el Gobierno de Costa Rica informó sobre las medidas que había tomado en respuesta a las demandas de la comunidad de Térraba.
Observaciones
81. El Relator Especial agradece al Gobierno de Costa Rica por su respuesta del 13 de noviembre de 2012 en la que informa que la situación conflictiva en Térraba se había estabilizado y en donde informa también sobre las acciones tomadas por el Ministerio de Educación Pública para resolver las demandas de los miembros de la comunidad de Térraba. Toma nota de la serie de acuerdos entre este ministerio y los comunitarios en relación con el nombramiento del personal indígena propuesto por la misma comunidad. Asimismo, toma nota con interés de la conformación de una comisión compuesta por representantes de varios ministerios de Gobierno y de la comunidad para dar seguimiento a los temas relacionados con la infraestructura educativa y la situación de los docentes indígenas en la comunidad de Térraba. El Relator Especial espera que por medio de tal comisión, se logre establecer un medio efectivo de interlocución con la comunidad de Térraba para garantizar un sistema educativo que responda a las necesidades expresadas por los miembros de la comunidad.
16. Ecuador
La situación de conflicto entre los pueblos indígenas Tagaeri-Taromenane y Waorani en la Amazonía ecuatoriana
· Carta del Relator Especial: 14/05/2013
82. En una carta con fecha de 14 de mayo de 2013 dirigida al Gobierno de Ecuador, el Relator Especial transmitió copia de una declaración pública sobre la situación de violencia que se habia dado entre miembros de los pueblos indígenas Tagaeri-Taromenane y Waorani en la reserva de biósfera Yasuní en la Amazonía ecuatoriana. La declaración pública, emitida por el Relator Especial el 16 de mayo de 2013, fue motivada por la información recibida sobre un ataque realizado a finales de marzo de 2013 por miembros del pueblo Waorani en contra de miembros del pueblo Taromenane, quienes viven en situación de aislamiento. Según la información, dos niñas Taromenane fueron raptadas durante el ataque. El ataque tuvo lugar tras la muerte de dos ancianos Waorani el 5 de marzo de 2012, atribuida a los indígenas en aislamiento Taromenane. Luego de la emisión del comunicado de prensa, el Relator Especial ha mantenido un diálogo con el Gobierno de Ecuador en relación con esta situación.
Observaciones
83. El Relator Especial está agradecido con el Gobierno de Ecuador por su disponibilidad de entrar en un diálogo constructivo acerca del conflicto señalado y la respuesta estatal apropiada. El Relator Especial quisiera reiterar la importancia de que se realice una investigación del caso con pleno respeto de la cultura Waorani, de su propio sistema de administración de justicia y de los derechos humanos desde una visión intercultural. Además, tal como expuso en su declaración pública, el Relator Especial considera que se debe efectuar “un examen exhaustivo de las causas del conflicto y las presiones que históricamente han afectado a los pueblos indígenas de estas zonas y provocado su desestabilización social y cultural.” Asimismo, en relación con los pueblos indígenas que optan por el aislamiento, el Relator Especial quisiera reiterar que “se debe respetar el principio de no contacto, lo que implica implementar una política pública que proteja sus espacios vitales y les preserve de presiones por parte de empresas extractivas, la tala ilegal de madera, y el asentamiento no autorizado en el área.” El Relator Especial continuará monitoreando esta situación.
17. Ethiopia
Case No. ETH 5/2012: The situation of the alleged resettlement of agro-pastoralist groups in the lower Omo valley in the context of large-scale agricultural development projects associated with the Gibe III hydroelectric dam
· Observations: AL 21/06/2013 (to be included in next joint communications report)
· State reply: 20/08/2013 (to be included in next joint communications report)
84. In his communication of 22 October 2012, the Special Rapporteur brought to the attention of the Government of Ethiopia information regarding the alleged resettlement of agro-pastoralist indigenous groups in the lower Omo valley as a result of large-scale commercial agricultural development projects associated with the construction of the Gibe III hydroelectric project. It was alleged that the resettlements are part of the Government’s larger “villagization” program, which reportedly consists of resettling pastoralist, agro-pastoralist and shifting cultivators into sedentary villages. It was alleged that these agricultural operations had already caused degradation of the forests and agricultural lands and resources traditionally used by agro-pastoralists in the lower Omo valley. Concerns were expressed about allegations that the villagization program was being carried out against the will of agro-pastoralist groups in the lower Omo valley and within a context of threats, undue coercion and intimidation by police and other military personnel against indigenous community members who have resisted their resettlement. Further concerns were expressed about allegations that resettlement sites lack houses, clinics and schools promised by the Government.
85. Prior to the 22 October 2012 letter, the Special Rapporteur had communicated with the Government on 10 June 2009 and 18 February 2011 in relation to the situation of indigenous groups affected by the construction of the Gibe III hydroelectric dam. The Special Rapporteur provided observations and recommendations on that particular situation to the Government on 13 July 2011. On 24 August 2011, the Government provided a response to those previous communications by the Special Rapporteur. Summaries of this exchange of information are available in the Special Rapporteur’s 2012 report on communications sent, replies received, and follow-up (A/HRC/21/47/Add.3, paras. 40 – 43 and A/HRC/12/34/Add.1, paras. 113-122).
Observations
86. Having not received a response from the Government to his communication of 22 October 2010 within 60 days as requested, on 21 June 2013 the Special Rapporteur transmitted observations and recommendations to the Government regarding the alleged resettlement of indigenous groups in the lower Omo valley. On 20 August 2013, the Government responded to the Special Rapporteur’s communication of 21 June 2013. In its response, the Government provided its account of the consultations, impact assessments and social benefits related to the Gibe III hydroelectric project and a sugar plantation project. Because the Special Rapporteur’s observations and recommendations in his 21 June 1013 letter were transmitted, and the Government’s response was received, after the period expired for inclusion in the last joint communications report of the Special Procedures and the present report, they will be included in the next joint communications report of the Special Procedures.
18. Guatemala
Caso no. GTM 6/2012: Alegaciones de actos de violencia y uso desproporcionado de la fuerza contra manifestantes indígenas en la localidad de Cumbre de Alaska, Santa Catarina Ixtahuacán
87. En su comunicación conjunta de 15 de octubre del 2012, el Relator Especial sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, junto con los Relatores Especiales sobre la promoción y la protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión; sobre el derecho a la libertad de reunión y de asociación pacíficas; sobre la situación de los defensores de los derechos humanos; y sobre las ejecuciones extrajudiciales, sumarias o arbitrarias, llevaron a la atención del Gobierno de Guatemala las alegaciones recibidas sobre actos de violencia y uso desproporcionado de la fuerza en contra de manifestantes indígenas en la localidad de la Cumbre de Alaska, Santa Catarina Ixtahuacán, Sololá. Según la información recibida, el 4 de octubre de 2012 miembros de comunidades indígenas de los 48 Cantones de Totonicapán habrían participado en unas protestas pacíficas para denunciar los altos precios de la energía eléctrica en Totonicapán, reformas en la carrera magisterial y reformas propuestas por el Gobierno que afectarían a los pueblos indígenas. En la protesta, se produjeron enfrentamientos entre efectivos militares y los manifestantes, resultando en la muerte de 6 indígenas y varios lesionados.
88. Por medio de una comunicación con fecha de 9 de enero de 2013, el Gobierno proporcionó un resumen de los acontecimientos del 4 de octubre de 2012 en Cumbre de Alaska, y de las medidas que el Gobierno había tomado posteriormente para investigar los hechos ocurridos y para dialogar con los representantes de los 48 Cantones de Totonicapán con el fin de resolver sus demandas sociales.
Observaciones
89. El Relator Especial quisiera agradecer al Gobierno de Guatemala por su respuesta del 9 de enero de 2013, en la que informó sobre las investigaciones realizadas por el Ministerio Público sobre los sucesos del 4 de octubre de 2012 y el procesamiento de nueve militares por delitos de ejecución extrajudicial. Al respecto, el Relator Especial quisiera recalcar la importancia de que también se realicen investigaciones exhaustivas de las responsabilidades en la cadena de mando en relación con el operativo militar realizado durante las manifestaciones de Cumbre de Alaska.
90. Por otro lado, el Relator Especial toma nota de lo informado por el Gobierno sobre la elaboración de un nuevo protocolo de actuación interinstitucional entre el ejército y las fuerzas de seguridad civil el cual dispone que la oficina del Procurador de los Derechos Humanos acompañaría a los operativos conjuntos de estas instituciones. Si bien la observancia de los derechos humanos debe ser un punto que debe destacarse en la realización de las operaciones previstas en este tipo de protocolo, el Relator Especial quisiera reiterar algunas observaciones expuestas en su informe de marzo de 2011 sobre la situación de los pueblos indígenas de Guatemala en relación con los proyectos extractivos. Con respecto a los conflictos sociales y actos de protesta social generados por estos proyectos, el Relator observó en su informe que “la presencia creciente de las fuerzas de orden público en las comunidades y los numerosos casos en los que se ha reportado un uso excesivo e indiscriminado de la fuerza por parte de aquellas, no ha hecho sino contribuir al clima de desconfianza y contienda en las comunidades, despertando, indefectiblemente, la memoria todavía viva del conflicto armado interno durante la década de 1980” (A/HRC/18/35/Add.3, párr. 67).
91. Por tanto, el Relator Especial espera que el Gobierno opte de manera oportuna por el diálogo y evite el uso de la fuerza pública como respuesta a las demandas realizadas por los pueblos indígenas en el contexto de actos legítimos de protesta social. En esa conexión toma nota de lo informado por el Gobierno con respecto a las medidas que ha tomado mediante el Sistema Nacional de Diálogo Permanente para facilitar la resolución de las demandas de los 48 Cantones de Totonicapán. El Relator Especial espera que éste represente un verdadero espacio de interlocución para resolver las demandas sustantivas de los 48 Cantones de Totonicapán. A la vez, resalta de nuevo que, de acuerdo a los estándares internacionales, los Estados deben tomar todas las medidas necesarias para prevenir, investigar y sancionar posibles abusos por parte de la fuerza pública durante operativos de mantenimiento de orden en el contexto de actos de protesta social por miembros de pueblos indígenas.
19. Guatemala
Caso no. GTM 4/2013: El proceso de reparación de los daños sufridos por 33 comunidades indígenas mayas por causa de la construcción de la represa hidroeléctrica Chixoy
· Repuesta del Estado: Ninguno
92. La comunicación enviada por el Relator Especial el 17 de abril de 2013 daba seguimiento al diálogo mantenido con el Gobierno de Guatemala en relación con el proceso de reparación de los daños sufridos por 33 comunidades indígenas mayas por causa de la construcción de la represa hidroeléctrica Chixoy entre 1975 y 1983. Este asunto fue objeto de una comunicación enviada al Gobierno el 19 de abril de 2011 y de una respuesta por parte del Gobierno con fecha del 6 de junio de 2011 (A/HRC/18/51, pág. 89).
93. En su comunicación del 17 de abril de 2013, el Relator Especial tomó nota de la explicación dada por el Gobierno en su carta del 6 de junio de 2011 en la que expuso los motivos por los cuales hubo retrasos en la aprobación de una ley para la reparación de las víctimas de los daños relacionados con la represa Chixoy así como en la aprobación del presupuesto nacional necesario para la implementación del plan de reparación acordado entre el Gobierno y las víctimas. El Relator Especial había notado que no se habían dado mayores avances en la aprobación de la legislación y del presupuesto necesarios para la implementación de las reparaciones a favor de las víctimas. Sin embargo, a la vez tomó nota de la información recibida en cuanto a la expresión de voluntad del Gobierno de encontrar una solución difinitiva al caso, lo que incluiría la aprobación del plan de reparación acordado entre el Gobierno y los representantes de las víctimas de la represa Chixoy. El Relator Especial solicitó al Gobierno información actualizada sobre el estado actual del proceso de reparación de las comunidades indígenas concernidas.
Observaciones
94. El Relator Especial lamenta que aún no haya recibido una respuesta por parte del Gobierno de Guatemala a su carta del 17 de abril de 2013. El Relator Especial quisiera reiterar la importancia que tiene el proceso de reparación negociado entre el Gobierno y las comunidades afectadas, el cual pudiera sentar un importante precedente a nivel nacional e internacional en materia de reparación de las violaciones a los derechos humanos de los pueblos indígenas como consecuencia de proyectos de grande escala en o alrededor de sus territorios, así como de violaciones generadas durante contextos de conflicto armado. Por lo tanto, tal como manifestó en su última comunicación, el Relator Especial quisiera instar al Gobierno de Guatemala “a que tome las medidas necesarias para agilizar la aprobación e implementación de la ley de reparación de las víctimas de la represa Chixoy, así como para aprobar las asignaciones presupuestarias correspondientes para cubrir la indemnización acordada entre el Gobierno” y los representantes de las víctimas.
95. El Relator Especial continuará monitoreando esta situación y espera recibir una respuesta del Gobierno en relación con el estado actual de este importante proceso de reparación.
20. Indonesia
Case No. IDN 7/2011: The situation of indigenous communities allegedly affected by the Meruake Integrated Food and Energy Estate project
96. In his joint communication of 1 February 2012, the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples along with the Special Rapporteur on the right to food brought to the attention of the Government of Indonesia allegations concerning the human rights impacts of the Meruake Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) project on local Malind and other indigenous Papuan communities in the Meruake region in West Papua. According to the allegations, this agricultural development project has led to the loss and deforestation of vast amounts of land inhabited and used by indigenous peoples of the Meruake region for their subsistence, and further concessions planned as part of this project would worsen this situation. In addition it was alleged that Papuan provincial police and national military intelligence have employed intimidation tactics to dissuade local community members from raising concerns about the MIFEE project.
97. On 23 May 2012, the Special Rapporteurs made a public statement regarding agricultural development projects in Southeast Asia that potentially threaten the land rights and food security of local indigenous communities, of which the case of the Meruake Integrated Food and Energy and Estate project was cited as an example.
98. The Government of Indonesia provided its response on 2 May 2013. In its response, it first stated that the concept of indigenous peoples and the rights stipulated in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples did not apply in the context of Indonesia, reasoning that its entire population has remained unchanged since the time of its colonization and subsequent independence.
99. Nonetheless the Government addressed issues raised in the joint communication. It provided an explanation of the MIFEE project’s overall purpose in increasing national food security in Indonesia. According to the Government, the project seeks to benefit and empower local communities through improved methods of food production as well as employment for both local communities and new settlers who would work in the project. It affirmed that domestic laws and policies protect the rights of local communities their lands (tanah ulayat) and that investors wishing to initiate MIFEE projects must comply with these laws and policies related to the protection of community lands respect the rights of local communities to negotiate and coordinate with interested investors regarding their lands; conduct social and environmental impact assessments; and meet the requirement that investors connected to the MIFEE project obtain formal consent from local communities. It stated that investors must, inter alia, obtain the consent of local communities and compensate them for use of their lands.
100. In addition, the Government stated that local community food sources and water supplies would not be affected by the project. According to the Government, twenty percent of the land used for MIFEE is designated for local community crop production with assistance from project investors. Furthermore, the Government stated that no formal complaints have been lodged by local communities in relation to the MIFEE project, that it was open to receiving any input and reports related to the implementation of the project, and that in case of any problems it would facilitate a resolution in coordination with stakeholders.
Observations
101. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of Indonesia for its detailed response of 2 May 2013. He takes notes of the information provided by the Government on the role of the MIFEE project for national food security and of the domestic laws and policies that apply to local indigenous communities in relation to the project. However, the Special Rapporteur cannot but help notice the significant divergence between the Government’s point of view and that of other sources regarding the execution of the MIFEE project, its impact on the lands and food sources of local communities, and the extent to which communities have consented to execution of the MIFEE project on their traditional lands.
102. Regarding the applicability of United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Special Rapporteur notes that the types of issues raised in this case are characteristic of matters that concern indigenous peoples in other parts of the world and therefore are within the Declaration’s scope of concern. In this connection, he notes that Indonesia was among the Asian countries that supported the Declaration when it was adopted by the General Assembly in 2007. Therefore, Indonesia like other United Nations State Members who supported the Declaration, “manifested their support for the Declaration’s call for affirmative and concerted measures to address the disadvantaged conditions of indigenous peoples in accordance with the human rights principles elaborated upon in that instrument” (A/HRC/24/41/Add.3, para. 10).
103. In the context of the present case, the Special Rapporteur would like to call attention to his 2013 report on the situation of indigenous peoples in Asia which was based on a consultation carried out by the Special Rapporteur with indigenous representatives from various Asian countries, including Indonesia. As noted in that report, “international concern for indigenous peoples, as manifested most prominently by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples extends to those groups that are indigenous to the countries in which they live and have distinct identities and ways of life, and that face very particularized human rights issues related to histories of various forms of oppression, such as dispossession of their lands and natural resources and denial of cultural expression” (A/HRC/24/41/Add.3, para. 7). Consequently, the relevance of the Declaration “is to those groups indigenous to a territory that are in non-dominant positions, and that have suffered and continue to suffer threats to their distinct identities and basic human rights in ways not felt by dominant sectors of society” (Ibid., para. 9).
104. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, the Declarations’ provisions are relevant to the situation of the Malind, Muyu, Mandobo, Mappi, Auyu and other culturally distinct Papuan groups reportedly inhabiting the Meruake region and which are affected by the MIFEE project. Moreover, the Special Rapporteur would like to highlight the recommendation made to Asian States in his report that they “commit to recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples as set out in international instruments, irrespective of the terminology used under national law and policy to identify these groups, and they should be guided by the manner in which these groups perceive and define themselves” (Ibid., para. 38).
105. The Special Rapporteur is encouraged by the Government’s openness to receiving and addressing expressions of concern about implementation of the MIFEE project and its stated willingness to facilitate a resolution of any problems that are reported. The Special Rapporteur will continue to monitor this situation.
21. Kenya
Case No. KEN 2/2012: Alleged possible negative impacts of the Lamu – Port – South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor (LAPSSET) Project on indigenous peoples inhabiting Lamu County and surrounding areas
· State reply: None to date
106. In a communication of 16 August 2012, the Special Rapporteur called the attention of the Government of Kenya to allegations concerning the possible negative impacts of the Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor (LAPSSET) project on indigenous peoples inhabiting Lamu County and surrounding areas. The LAPSSET project is a major infrastructure development project that will reportedly span three countries: Kenya, South Sudan and Ethiopia. It will consist of a major shipping port in Lamu County, on the northeastern coast of Kenya, as well as the construction of a major highway, resort cities, airport, oil refinery and pipeline that would interconnect the three countries. In his letter, the Special Rapporteur raised concerns regarding the effects that the development of this project would have on the traditional lands, natural resources, and livelihoods of indigenous peoples in Lamu County and surrounding areas. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur called the Government’s attention to allegations that adequate consultations had not been carried out with affected indigenous communities and that indigenous peoples had received very little information about the project and its potential effects on their rights. Further, the Special Rapporteur communicated allegations that, despite the recognition of indigenous land and natural resource rights in the 2010 Constitution, there have been very few government land reform efforts to ensure the land tenure security of indigenous peoples in the Lamu region.
107. Having not received a response from the Government of Kenya, on 2 April 2013, the Special Rapporteur sent to the Government a follow-up letter with observations and recommendations regarding the application of the relevant human rights standards in the context of the LAPSSET project.
Observations
108. The Special Rapporteur regrets that there is still no response from the Government of Kenya to his either of his communications in the records of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Special Rapporteur again notes that the LAPSSET project could potentially provide much needed infrastructural, trade and economic development benefits to the people of Kenya, including indigenous communities inhabiting the project area and its surroundings. However, at the same time, he remains concerned about the possible resultant effects on the land, natural resource and other rights of indigenous peoples in Lamu and surrounding areas.
109.
In this connection, he reiterates the recommendations made in his 2 April 2013 letter, including that the Government undertake a comprehensive assessment of the land, natural resource and other substantive rights of indigenous peoples potentially affected by development of the LAPSSET project, and that it strengthen efforts to address the land tenure situation of indigenous peoples within the project area and other possible concerns they might have regarding their social, cultural and other rights. International human rights instruments that should guide such efforts include the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (especially articles 10, 25, 26 and 29) and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights as interpreted by in the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights in its decision in Endorois Welfare Council v. Kenya.[2]
110. The Special Rapporteur, furthermore, reiterates his recommendation that the Government of Kenya implement adequate safeguards to ensure respect for the rights of affected groups in the context of the LAPSSET project. The needed safeguards include, but are not limited to, adequate consultations with the affected indigenous peoples through their representative institutions with the objective of obtaining their agreement or consent to the aspects of the LAPSSET project that affect their rights; the undertaking of prior impact assessments that provide adequate attention to a full range of indigenous peoples’ rights; the establishment of mitigation measures to avoid or minimize impacts on the exercise of those rights; and benefit-sharing and compensation.
22. México
Caso no. MEX 36/2012: Posibles impactos negativos sobre los derechos humanos del pueblo ikojts a raíz de la construcción de un parque eólico en San Dionisio del Mar, Oaxaca
111. En su comunicación del 28 de diciembre de 2012, el Relator Especial llevó a la atención del Gobierno de México las alegaciones recibidas sobre los impactos sociales, culturales y ambientales que afectarían al pueblo ikojts (o huave) como consecuencia de la construcción de un proyecto eólico en San Dionisio del Mar, Oaxaca. Según las alegaciones, el proyecto eólico no fue debidamente autorizado por las autoridades representativas de la comunidad ikojts de San Dionisio del Mar, y éste podría afectar gravemente los recursos naturales de los que dependen los miembros del pueblo ikojts para sus actividades tradicionales. Se alega que desde el inicio de las obras de construcción del proyecto en San Dionisio del Mar en 2012, los miembros de la comunidad que se oponen al proyecto han sufrido amenazas, agresiones y persecución judicial por parte de funcionarios municipales, agentes policiales, empleados de la empresa a cargo del proyecto y comuneros a favor del proyecto. Según la información, miembros de la comunidad de San Dionisio del Mar interpusieron una serie de acciones legales en contra de funcionarios de Gobierno que habrían autorizado la construcción del proyecto eólico.
112. En su respuesta con fecha de 29 de enero de 2013, el Gobierno afirmó que los opositores al proyecto eólico no representan verdaderamente a la comunidad de San Dionisio del Mar, y que los acuerdos vinculados con la utilización de las tierras de “uso común” de la comunidad para la realización del proyecto fueron aprobados debidamente por el Comisariado de Bienes Comunales, el cual, según el Gobierno, es la entidad representativa de la comunidad. De acuerdo a lo informado por el Gobierno, se realizaron varios estudios de impacto ambiental sobre el proyecto que fueron objeto de consultas públicas y en los que se concluyó que no habría daños irreparables al medio ambiente de la zona donde se desarrollaría el proyecto eólico. El Gobierno afirmó que, según lo informado por la empresa desarrolladora del proyecto, la construcción y operación del proyecto no afectará la actividad pesquera tradicional de los habitantes indígenas ni sus territorios sagrados, y que además se fomentarían proyectos para la promoción de la cultura, salud y educación de la población local.
113. El Gobierno hace mención de las acciones legales interpuestas por miembros de la comunidad de San Dionisio del Mar y de la suspensión de las obras de construcción del proyecto ordenada por un tribunal del Estado de Oaxaca. El Gobierno señala que tal medida de suspensión no significa que el tribunal haya dictaminado a favor de los demandantes sobre el fondo del asunto relacionado con los derechos que ellos alegan haber sido violados, el cual es un asunto aún pendiente. Asimismo, el Gobierno informó sobre las investigaciones realizadas de los hechos de violencia que se han dado en esa región por motivo del proyecto eólico, y de las iniciativas para encontrar una solución pacífica entre las partes antagónicas en la comunidad de San Dionisio del Mar.
Observaciones
114. El Relator Especial quisiera agradecer al Gobierno de México por su respuesta enviada el 29 de enero de 2013. Toma nota de la información detallada proporcionada por el Gobierno, la cual evidencia las divergencias existentes entre la perspectiva del Gobierno y las alegaciones recibidas con respecto a los hechos del presente caso. Estas divergencias se relacionan principalmente con el proceso de aprobación del proyecto eólico en San Dionisio del Mar, los impactos del proyecto sobre las tierras y los recursos naturales utilizados por el pueblo ikojts, y el nivel de atención a las denuncias sobre supuestos actos de agresión y amenaza contra miembros de la comunidad de San Dionisio del Mar que se oponen al proyecto. El Relator Especial resalta la necesidad de evaluar estos asuntos conforme a los estándares establecidos en el Convenio No. 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo sobre pueblos indígenas y tribales, del cual México es parte, la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas y otros instrumentos internacionales relevantes. Asimismo, recuerda que de acuerdo a los estándares internacionales, se debe prevenir, investigar y sancionar las acciones por parte de agentes del Estado o de terceros que atentan contra la vida, integridad personal y otros derechos humanos fundamentales de las personas, en este caso miembros de pueblos indígenas que hayan manifestado su oposición al proyecto en cuestión.
115. Por otro lado, el Relator Especial también toma de que, tal como ha señalado el Gobierno, que el presente caso ha sido objeto de una petición ante la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH). En su carta al Relator Especial Gobierno hizo referencia a la Resolución 6/12 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, la cual dispone que el Relator Especial trabajará “en estrecha cooperación, procurando evitar las duplicaciones innecesarias, con otros procedimientos especiales y los órganos subsidiarios del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, los órganos pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, los órganos de tratados y las organizaciones regionales de derechos humanos.”
116. En vista de lo anterior, el Relator Especial considera que el sistema de peticiones y casos individuales de la CIDH constituye el mecanismo internacional más idóneo para dirimir las cuestiones fácticas y jurídicas surgidas en el presente caso. Por lo tanto, el Relator Especial estará monitoreando el curso del presente asunto en el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos sin perjuicio de que, si lo estime necesario, emita observaciones o recomendaciones sobre este asunto en el futuro.
23. Nepal
Case No. NPL 5/2012: Alleged ongoing barriers to the effective protection of indigenous peoples’ rights in Nepal
117. In his communication to the Government of Nepal of 15 October 2012, the Special Rapporteur called attention to alleged ongoing barriers to the effective protection of indigenous peoples’ rights in Nepal, following up on observations and recommendations made in his 2009 report on the situation of indigenous peoples in the country (A/HRC/12/34/Add.3) and his earlier communication of 29 January 2010 (A/HRC/15/37/Add.1, paras. 282 – 290).
118. The Special Rapporteur’s 15 October 2012 communication raised concerns about the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in May 2012, reportedly due to disagreements regarding the reorganization of the Nepali state under a federal structure defined along ethnic lines. According to information received, indigenous representatives supported a federal structure defined along ethnic lines and expressed deep concerns that progress made by indigenous members of the former Constituent Assembly could be lost with the creation of an entirely new body. In addition, the Special Rapporteur raised concerns regarding reported incidents of violence and alleged criminal prosecution of indigenous leaders resulting from the ongoing disagreement over the nature of the federal structure to be established in Nepal. Finally, the Special Rapporteur called the attention of the Government to various domestic laws that still require reform in order to comply with relevant international standards, particularly in relation to effective participation in national political affairs, equality and non-discrimination, and respect for indigenous cultures, lands and natural resources.
119. On 4 April 2013, the Government responded to the Special Rapporteur’s communication, stating that it has continued to facilitate constructive dialogue among the major political parties and civil society to hold elections for a new Constituent Assembly, and that it believes the future Constitution will be grounded in a national consensus that reflects the aspirations of all communities in Nepal, including indigenous peoples. The Government also provided its understanding of incidents of reported violence in Kawasoti and Dhangadhi, and addressed allegations raised with regard criminal prosecution against members of an indigenous rights organization. In this connection, the Government explained that it had not filed charges of “crime against the integrity of the State” against “any group of people.” In addition, the Government provided an overview of several laws and policies that have been either enacted or amended, or are in the process of being enacted, to give effect to provisions of the Interim Constitution of 2007. Similarly, the Government emphasized that it has ratified the International Labour Organisation Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples and has had a law related to “indigenous nationalities” in force since 2002.
Observations
120. The Special Rapporteur is grateful to the Government for its response to his communication. In regard to the constitution-making process and existing or new legislation, the Special Rapporteur reiterates the recommendations made in his 2009 report (A/HRC/12/34/Add.3), noting in particular the importance of providing special mechanisms to ensure effective participation by indigenous peoples, through their own representative institutions, in the process of developing a new constitution. The Special Rapporteur again emphasizes the need to ensure that the constitution and laws of Nepal adequately recognize and protect the rights of indigenous peoples, and that indigenous peoples do not suffer from any form of adverse discrimination, in accordance with the international standards to which Nepal has committed. In this connection, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and ILO Convention 169 should function as benchmarks for legal and policy reforms and programmatic action to address the many human rights challenges faced by indigenous peoples in Nepal.
24. New Zealand
Case no. NZL 1/2012: Alleged exclusion of the Mangakahia Whānau iwi group from the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process
121. In his letter of 16 August 2012, the Special Rapporteur brought to the attention of the Government of New Zealand the allegations received regarding the Government’s policy of negotiating with larger indigenous Maori groupings for the purposes of settling Maori historical land claims. Concerns were raised that through this policy, smaller groups like the Mangakahia Whānau in the Hauraki district, were not able to have their rights and interests adequately represented within the Treaty of Waitangi settlement proceedings.
122. In its response of 6 November 2012, the Government of New Zealand provided an explanation for the application of this particular negotiation policy to the Mangakahia Whānau as well as information about the available remedies this group has to further their land claims.
Observations
123. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government for its response of 6 November 2012. He takes note of the Government’s explanation of the historical and policy considerations that underlie its decisions to settle the claims of the Mangakahia Whānau as part of the Hauraki Collective settlement process. As stated in his 2011 report on the situation of Maori people in New Zealand, the Special Rapporteur understands that there are numerous difficulties involved in reaching treaty settlements with all Maori groupings (A/HRC/18/35/Add.4, paras. 35-42). He is encouraged by the Government’s statement that “… specific redress for Mangakahia Whānau may, if warranted, be available through such negotiations”. Therefore, he expects that through its established treaty settlement negotiation process, the claims of the members of the Mangakahia Whānau outstanding concerns will be adequately addressed through an open and respectful dialogue.
124. The Special Rapporteur also takes note of the information provided by the Government with respect to other remedies available to Mangakahia Whānau if it is dissatisfied with the treaty settlement framework, namely though an application for urgent remedies before the Waitangi Tribunal, as well as through a claim before the Maori Land Court or the general court system. In this connection, he understands from what the Government stated in its response that the Mangakahia Whānau have lodged an application before the Maori Land Court seeking a determination of its representation within the settlement process concerning the Whangapoua Forests. Notwithstanding this legal action, the Special Rapporteur would still like to encourage the Government to ensure, as recommended in his report on New Zealand, that Treaty settlement negotiations involve all groups that have an interest in the issues considered and that, in consultation with the Maori, it strengthen mediation or other alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to address any conflicts regarding participation or representation in settlement negotiations (A/HRC/18/35/ Add.4, para. 73).
25. Nicaragua
Caso no. NIC 1/2013: La presencia de asentamientos ilegales dentro de territorios indígenas en la reserva de Bosawás
125. El 10 de mayo de 2013 el Relator Especial envió un llamamiento urgente al Gobierno de Nicaragua en relación con la situación de asentamientos ilegales de personas no indígenas en los territorios de comunidades indígenas mayagna y miskito en la reserva de Bosawás. Se alega que, a pesar de que esas comunidades cuentan con el reconocimiento legal de sus tierras dentro de la reserva desde 2007, sus tierras han sido invadidas por personas no indígenas, o colonos, quienes han deforestado cientos de miles de hectáreas de bosque en la reserva Bosawás. Según las alegaciones, esto ha llevado a una situación altamente conflictiva que tuvo como resultado el asesinato de un joven mayagna por colonos y la toma de dos colonos como rehenes por una comunidad indígena. Según la información, el Gobierno no había tomado medidas efectivas para reubicar a los colonos ni tampoco había tomado medidas para sancionar a las personas responsables de vender tierras a los colonos dentro de la reserva. Se había informado, además, que los colonos habrían solicitado al Gobierno que legalizara la ocupación de las tierras que ellos habitan dentro de la reserva de Bosawás. El 13 de mayo de 2013, el Relator Especial emitió un comunicado de prensa sobre esta situación.
126. El Gobierno respondió a la carta del Relator Especial el 7 de junio de 2013. En su respuesta hizo un recuento de la legislación nacional y de las iniciativas adoptadas para la protección de los territorios indígenas en la Costa Atlántica de Nicaragua. El Gobierno hizo mención del Decreto no. 15-2013, “Decreto creador de la comisión interinstitucional para la defensa de la madre tierra en territorios indígenas y afrodescendientes del Caribe y Alto Wangki-Bocay”, emitido en marzo de 2013. Según lo informado, el mandato de esta comisión interinstitucional incluye la adopción de medidas de protección de los territorios indígenas y la resolución de conflictos que involucren a terceros pobladores de áreas pertenecientes a comunidades indígenas. Asimismo, informó sobre la investigación de las actuaciones de funcionarios de Gobierno involucrados en la venta ilegal de tierras en la reserva de Bosawás y sobre las denuncias judiciales en contra de notarios públicos que presuntamente facilitaron esas ventas de tierras.
Observaciones
127. El Relator Especial agradece al Gobierno por su respuesta del 7 de junio de 2013. Toma nota con agrado la información recibida sobre la creación de una comisión interinstitucional para implementar medidas de protección de territorios indígenas y resolver la situación conflictiva generada por la presencia de terceros en territorios indígenas. Asimismo, acoge con satisfacción la información recibida sobre las investigaciones de las actuaciones de funcionarios públicos vinculados a la venta ilegal de tierras en la reserva de Bosawás. El Relator Especial espera que estas medidas e investigaciones mencionadas por el Gobierno sean implementadas eficazmente, ya que como observó en su comunicado de prensa del 13 de mayo de 2013, “La falta de avance en medidas efectivas para asegurar los derechos territoriales de las comunidades indígenas dentro de la reserva puede llevar a intensificar la situación de tensión social existente a causa de la presencia de asiento ilegal por parte de personas que no son de origen indígena en la reserva.”
128. Por otro lado, el Relator Especial quisiera resaltar la necesidad de que, conforme a los estándares internacionales, el Gobierno investigue y sancione los sucesos de violencia en este caso que han resultado en la violación de los derechos a la vida, integridad personal y otros derechos fundamentales de las personas. Asimismo, el Relator Especial quisiera volver a instar al Gobierno a que tome las medidas necesarias para resolver la situación de manera pacífica, en un ambiente de respeto pleno de los derechos humanos de los pueblos indígenas y de los no indígenas involucrados
26. Perú
Caso no. PER 4/2012: La situación de posibles riesgos que enfrentan miembros de los pueblos indígenas en aislamiento o contacto inicial en la Reserva Territorial Kugapakori, Nahua, Nanti y Otros a raíz de la ampliación del proyecto de gas Camisea
129. En su carta del 7 de septiembre 2012, el Relator Especial llamó la atención del Gobierno del Perú a alegaciones de que la aprobación de la ampliación del proyecto de gas Camisea en el denominado Lote 88 ubicado dentro de la Reserva Territorial Kugapakori, Nahua, Nanti y Otros, así como la aprobación de actividades hidrocarburíferas en otro lote denominado “Lote Fitzcarrald”, supuestamente ubicado contiguamente al Lote 88, agravarían la situación de vulnerabilidad y los riesgos a la vida, salud, cultura y el territorio tradicional que han enfrentado los pueblos indígenas en situación de aislamiento o contacto inicial que habitan la reserva.
130. El Gobierno del Perú respondió a las alegaciones en comunicaciones con fechas de 9 de noviembre de 2012, 15 de noviembre de 2012 y 14 de diciembre de 2012. En su respuesta, el Gobierno afirmó que la ampliación del proyecto de gas Camisea en el Lote 88 no constituye el otorgamiento de un nuevo derecho de aprovechamiento de recursos naturales puesto que el Gobierno había otorgado el derecho de exploración y explotación sobre toda la extensión del Lote 88 en el año 2000. Por tanto, según el Gobierno, ello no contraviene el Decreto Supremo No. 028-2003-AG que estableció la Reserva Territorial Kugapakori, Nahua, Nanti y Otros, el cual prohíbe el otorgamiento de nuevos derechos de aprovechamiento de recursos naturales a partir de la emisión del mencionado decreto en 2003. En relación con las alegaciones con respecto al Lote Fitzcarrald, el Gobierno afirmó que no existe ningún trámite de negociación con alguna empresa en el área donde supuestamente se ubicaría ese lote, y manifestó que dentro de la mencionada reserva no existe un lote con esa denominación.
131. Asimismo, el Gobierno informó sobre la realización de un estudio de impacto ambiental relacionado con la ampliación de actividades hidrocarburíferas en el Lote 88 y sobre las medidas de protección desarrolladas por el Gobierno tras la realización de ese estudio. Esas medidas incluyen tareas de seguimiento y fiscalización de las actividades de la empresa concernida y también la elaboración de planes de contingencia frente a posibles escenarios de contacto con empleados de la empresa con el fin de evitar el consiguiente riesgo para la vida y la salud de los pueblos indígenas que habitan la reserva.
Observaciones
132. El Relator Especial agradece al Gobierno del Perú por la respuesta detallada que proporcionó mediantes sus comunicaciones, y toma nota de la serie de medidas de protección desarrolladas por el Gobierno para los pueblos indígenas que habitan la Reserva Territorial Kugapakori, Nahua, Nanti y Otros. En particular, toma nota que estas medidas fueron elaboradas en consideración de la situación particular de los pueblos indígenas en aislamiento y contacto inicial que habitan la mencionada reserva.
133. El Relator Especial observa, sin embargo, que existe una divergencia entre la información presentada por el Gobierno y las alegaciones recibidas con respecto a la legalidad de la ampliación de actividades hidrocarburíferas en el Lote 88, la existencia de una concesión en el denominado Lote “Fitzcarrald”, así como de la gravedad de los impactos que la ampliación del proyecto Camisea tendrá sobre los habitantes de la reserva. El Relator Especial reconoce que existen serias preocupaciones acerca de los impactos del proyecto Camisea sobre los pueblos indígenas de la reserva. Cabe recordar, como se señaló en la comunicación del Relator Especial de 7 se septiembre de 2012, que diversas instituciones del Estado, incluyendo la Defensoría del Pueblo y la Oficina General de Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud, habían constatado anteriormente que los habitantes de la reserva habrían sufrido impactos nocivos a su vida y salud por causa de las actividades de exploración y explotación relacionadas con el proyecto de gas Camisea.
134. El Relator Especial realizará una visita a Perú en noviembre o diciembre de 2013 para examinar la situación de las industrias extractivas operando en los territorios indígenas, incluyendo los territorios donde habitan pueblos indígenas en situación de aislamiento o contacto inicial. En el marco de tal visita, el Relator Especial hará una evaluación del caso particular de los pueblos indígenas afectados por el proyecto de gas Camisea y elaborará observaciones y recomendaciones al respecto.
27. Philippines
Case No. PHL 5/2012: The situation of oil palm cultivation in Higaonon indigenous communities in the southern Philippines and the alleged killing of a Higaonon indigenous leader
· State reply: None to date
135. In a joint communication of 31 October 2012, the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples – along with the Special Rapporteurs on the right to food; human rights defenders; and extrajudicial, summary and arbitrary executions – brought to the attention of the Government of the Philippines allegations concerning the situation of oil palm cultivation around Higaonon indigenous communities in the southern Philippines. The allegations contained in the joint letter of 31 October 2012 bear relevance to concerns previously expressed to the Government in a 29 February 2012 joint allegation letter and a 23 May 2012 joint statement issued by the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples and the Special Rapporteur on the right to food regarding the impacts of large-scale agricultural development projects on the Agta indigenous people in the Isabela region of the Philippines (A/HRC/21/47/Add.3, paras. 69 – 70).
136. In their 31 October 2012 communication, the Special Rapporteurs transmitted to the Government allegations that local government officials had actively promoted and facilitated oil palm plantations around Higaonon communities without consideration for the land and natural resource rights of the communities. Allegedly, Higaonon agriculture and other traditional practices had been disrupted as a result of Higaonon community members being removed from their lands to make way for oil palm plantations in the area. Concerns were also raised about allegations that Higaonon leaders who had actively opposed and criticized oil palm operations have been threatened and assaulted by company employees and in some cases by law enforcement officials. In this connection, information was transmitted to the Government regarding the alleged shooting death of Gilbert Paborada, an indigenous Higaonon leader who had criticized the development of palm oil operations in Misamis Oriental.
Observations
137. The Special Rapporteur regrets that there is no response from the Government of the Philippines to the joint communication of 31 October 2012 in the records of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. He again draws attention to the various provisions of international human rights instruments detailed in the joint communication, which are relevant to the allegations transmitted to the Government and that establish or inform its responsibilities in regard to those allegations. Additionally, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that the Government should take all necessary measures to guarantee that the rights and freedoms of the mentioned indigenous people are respected and that the accountability of any person responsible for any human rights violations be ensured. He will continue to monitor this situation.
28. Philippines
Case No. PHL 7/2012: Alleged killings and acts of harassment, stigmatization and threats against indigenous human rights defenders
· State reply: None to date
138. In a joint urgent appeal of 28 December 2012, the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples – along with the Special Rapporteurs on freedom of opinion and expression; peaceful assembly and of association; human rights defenders; extrajudicial, summary and arbitrary executions; and violence against women, its causes and consequences – transmitted to the Government of the Philippines information received about several specific cases of alleged harassment, stigmatization, threats, and killings of human rights defenders in several provinces throughout the country. While acknowledging significant steps already taken by the Government to address cases of human rights violations, the Special Rapporteurs expressed concern about continued reports of acts of violence against and stigmatization of environmental, farmer and indigenous rights defenders, in particular those who campaign peacefully against large-scale mining projects. Reportedly, these rights defenders are accused by the Armed Forces of the Philippines as being supporters, sympathizers or members of the New People’s Army or other armed groups.
Observations
139. The Special Rapporteur regrets that there is no response from the Government of the Philippines to the joint urgent appeal of 28 December 2012. He remains concerned about the reports of violations of the human rights of indigenous leaders and others who seek to defend the rights of their peoples and communities. He again calls attention to the international standards that are detailed in the joint urgent appeal and that should guide an appropriate government response. Additionally, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that the Government should take all necessary measures to guarantee that the lives, rights and freedoms of the persons mentioned in the 28 December 2012 urgent appeal are respected, and should ensure the accountability of persons responsible of any violations. The Special Rapporteur will continue to monitor the situation.
29. Russian Federation
Case No. RUS 7/2012: Alleged suspension of the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North by government authorities
140. In a joint communication of 27 November 2012, the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples – along with the Special Rapporteurs on the right to freedom of opinion and expression; freedom of peaceful assembly and association; and on human rights defenders – raised concerns to the Government of the Russian Federation regarding the alleged suspension of the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON) by Government authorities. According to information received and transmitted to the Government, in November 2012 the Ministry of Justice ordered the suspension of RAIPON‘s activities until April 2013 due to supposed noncompliance with the organization’s charter and with Russian federal legislation on “public associations”. Reportedly, RAIPON had previously attempted to adjust its internal statutes to meet Government requirements for registration of the organization as a public association. However, the Ministry of Justice allegedly did not find those adjustments to be acceptable.
141. In a letter dated 24 January 2013, the Government of the Russian Federation transmitted its response to the communication of the above-mentioned Special Rapporteurs, affirming that RAIPON would be permitted to resume its activities having addressed the conditions that served as grounds for the suspension. In addition, the Government provided information regarding RAIPON’s reported non-compliance with relevant legislation and provisions of its own statute as well as steps taken by the Ministry of Justice and RAIPON in response to the issues.
Observations
142. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of the Russian Federation for its response of 24 January 2013. He was pleased to learn that RAIPON has been permitted to resume its activities. At the same time, taking note of the information provided in the Government’s response he remains concerned about the conditions under which the suspension took place. The Special Rapporteur again calls the attention of the Government to international standards relevant to indigenous peoples rights to freedom of association and freedom of expression, and the need to ensure that State regulatory regimes do not unduly restrict these rights. In particular, article 5 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states that, “[i]ndigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions, while retaining their right to participate fully, if they so choose, in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State.” Further, article 33(2) provides for indigenous peoples’ right to “determine the structures and to select the membership of their institutions in accordance with their own procedures.”
30. Suriname
Case no. SUR 1/2012: Alleged situation of health, environmental problems and land rights issues affecting Wayana indigenous communities in southeastern Suriname
· State reply: None to date
143. In his communication of 19 September 2012, the Special Rapporteur communicated to the Government of Suriname the allegations received about the health and environmental effects of small-scale gold mining operations on the traditional lands of the Wayana indigenous communities of Apetina and Anapaike in southeastern Suriname. A major concern expressed was the effects of the contamination of waters and fish consumed by members of these communities as a result of the use of mercury by small-scale miners. Allegedly, the contamination has resulted in a series of health problems affecting these communities including an increased number of birth defects and serious neurological disorders in children and adults. The presence of small-scale miners in their traditional territory has also allegedly affected the ability of community members to peacefully engage in their traditional agricultural, hunting and fishing activities. In addition, it was alleged that the Apetina and Anapaike communities may be adversely affected by the Jai-Tapanahoni hydroelectric project that is proposed to be developed in eastern Suriname. Furthermore, it was also alleged that because there is no recognition of indigenous communal property rights in Suriname, the Wayana and other indigenous peoples are left without legal protection or recourse to resolve this situation.
Observations
144. The Special Rapporteur regrets that there is no response from the Government of Suriname to his communication of 19 September 2012 in the records of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The information received and cross-checked by the Special Rapporteur about the health and other impacts of mining activities on these communities is particularly concerning and in need of attention by the Government. He would like to encourage the Government to provide a response to his communication as soon as possible, especially to the questions raised on the measures taken to address the health, environmental, social and other impacts of small-scale mining activities on or near the traditional lands of the Apetina and Anapaike communities.
145. As indicated in his communication of 19 September 2012 to the Government, a major underlying factor affecting the communities is the alleged lack of legal recognition and protection of their lands. Therefore, the Special Rapporteur would like to remind the Government of its obligations to recognize and protect the traditional lands and resources of indigenous peoples in Suriname, which would include the Apetina and Anapaike communities. To that end, he would like to refer the Government’s attention to the observations and recommendations contained in his 2011 report on the Measures needed to secure indigenous and tribal peoples’ land and related rights in Suriname, developed at the request of the Government following a country visit (A/HRC/18/35/Add.7). The report provides an assessment of Suriname’s international obligations with regards to indigenous and tribal peoples’ rights and outlines measures for the development of legislative, administrative and other measures for securing those rights.
146. The Special Rapporteur will continue to monitor the situation of the Wayana communities of Apetina and Anepaike, as well as the situation of indigenous and tribal peoples more generally in Suriname.
31. Suriname
Case No. SUR 1/2013 and OL 4/2013: Alleged authorization of mining rights and a related hydroelectric project in the traditional territory of the Saramaka Maroon people
· State reply: None to date
147. In a joint communication dated 4 April 2013, the Special Rapporteur along with the Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, transmitted to the Government of Suriname information received about the modification of an existing mineral agreement between the Government and IAMGOLD Corporation, and about the alleged human rights impacts on the Saramaka Maroon people of mining activities under the modified agreement. A separate joint letter was sent to IAMGOLD Corporation on the same date communicating the allegations received and asking for its comments.
148. The Special Rapporteur has not received a response from the Government of Suriname to his communication of 4 April 2013. For its part, IAMGOLD provided a response in a letter dated 5 June 2013 wherein it disputed the allegations transmitted regarding the nature and impact of its mining operations.
Observations
149. The Special Rapporteur regrets that there is no response from the Government of Suriname to the joint communication of 4 April 2013 in the records of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. He would like to again call attention to his earlier report, Measures needed to secure indigenous and tribal peoples’ land and related rights in Suriname (A/HRC/18/35/Add.7), and reiterate his call on the Government to take such measures in order to safeguard indigenous peoples’ rights against any adverse impacts from mining or other development activates within or close to their traditional, in conformity with the decision of the Inter-American Court of human rights in the case of Saramaka People v. Suriname. He would also like to refer, in the context of this case, to his thematic reports to the Human Rights Council that outline State obligations and corporate responsibility in the context of extractive industries affecting indigenous peoples (A/HRC/24/41, A/HRC/21/47 and A/HRC/18/35).
150. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the IAMGOLD Corporation for its detailed response of 5 June 2013 and takes note of the company’s stated commitment to international human rights standards and to engage with local communities to address and resolve any potential problems deriving from its operations. Nonetheless, he cannot but help notice the significant differences between the company’s assessment of the facts and the allegations received with respect to the extent of current and planned mining activities, and the extent of their potential impact on the lands and resources of the Saramaka people. He also notes the divergent views with regards to the adequacy of consultation processes that have or would be undertaken in connection with any mining exploration or exploitation, whether future mining will require the relocation of Saramaka communities, and whether the current and possible new mining activities contravene the Inter-American Court of Human Rights decision concerning the Saramaka people.
151. The Special Rapporteur intends to further examine the factual issues raised in the allegations and the company’s response with a view to providing future observations and recommendations.
32. United Republic of Tanzania
Case No. TZA 2/2013: The situation of indigenous Maasai pastoralists in the Loliondo Game Controlled Area
· State reply: None to date
152. In his communication of 8 May 2013, the Special Rapporteur called the attention of the Government of Tanzania to allegations concerning the situation of indigenous Maasai pastoralists in the Loliondo Game Controlled Area. This letter followed previous communications from the Special Rapporteur to the Government on 23 September 2009 and 12 April 2010 that also addressed issues affecting Maasai pastoralists who live in the Loliondo administrative division. In these communications, the Special Rapporteur raised concerns regarding land conflicts over the past few decades as a result of conservation and tourist development initiatives that allegedly affect Maasai rights to their traditional lands and that have led to reported incidents of eviction and violence against members of Maasai groups in the area (A/HRC/15/37/Add.1, paras. 421 – 455). In his letter of 8 May 2013, the Special Rapporteur reiterated concerns about the land conflict situation in Loliondo, this time transmitting specific allegations about Government plans to declare a corridor of some 1,500 square kilometres as a “game controlled area” in accordance with the Wildlife Management Act of 2009.
Observations
153. The Special Rapporteur regrets that there is no response from the Government of Tanzania to his communications of 8 May 2013 in the records of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Further, he remains concerned about the development of the Loliondo Game Controlled Area within the context of reports of already existent land conflicts related to conservation and tourist initiatives that are allegedly linked to incidents of eviction and violence against Maasai pastoralists. In this connection, he again draws attention to various provisions of international human rights instruments detailed in his communication of 12 April 2010 which are relevant to the allegations transmitted to the Government on both 29 September 2009 and 8 May 2013. The Special Rapporteur reiterates the recommendations in his letter of 12 April 2010, including his recommendations that the Government establish an effective mechanism to identify and protect indigenous peoples’ rights to land in accordance with their customary laws and land tenure practice. Additionally, the Special Rapporteur again recommends that the Government consider a long-term vision for development of the indigenous pastoralist groups that enables them to become active participants and direct beneficiaries of nature conservation and economic development initiatives (A/HRC/15/37/Add.1, paras. 455.2, 455.5).
33. United States of America
Case No. USA 17/2012: The threatened demolition of one of the last standing structures connected to the former Carlisle Indian Industrial School
154. In an urgent appeal of 21 August 2012, the Special Rapporteur drew the attention of the Government of the United States of America to allegations concerning the imminent demolition by the United States Army War College of a farmhouse that is one of the last standing structures of the former Carlisle Indian Industrial School, a place of significant historical significance to indigenous peoples in the United States.
155. In a communication dated 4 February 2013, the Government of the United States provided a response to the Special Rapporteur, stating that the Army had placed the demolition of the site on hold indefinitely pending the results of a cultural resources study meant to reevaluate the farmhouse’s historic significance.
Observations
156. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of the United States for its response to his urgent appeal. He is pleased that the plans for demolition of the farmhouse at the site of the former Carlisle School have been suspended indefinitely at the urging of concerned Indian tribes and organizations. Further, he is encouraged by the information provided by the Government on numerous consultations and correspondence it has carried out with indigenous tribes and individuals about the historical significance of the farmhouse that was part of the Carlisle school and its future treatment.
157. The broader issue of Indian boarding schools in the United States and the continued legacies of these schools in the lives of indigenous peoples is an issue that the Special Rapporteur examined in his report on the situation of indigenous peoples in the United States, which he presented to the Human Rights Council in September 2012 (A/HRC/21/47/Add.1, paras. 45 – 46).
34. United States of America
Case No. USA 18/2012: Alleged imminent sale of a site of great spiritual significance to indigenous peoples in the Black Hills of South Dakota
158. In an urgent appeal of 21 August 2012, the Special Rapporteur communicated to the Government of the United States of America allegations regarding an imminent sale of land located in the Black Hills of South Dakota that is within the ancestral territory and considered to be of great spiritual significance to the Lakota, Dakota and Nakota indigenous peoples, collectively known as the Great Sioux Nation. He asked the Government a series of questions about specific measures that should be taken to protect the rights of these peoples in the context of the land sale, while urging the Government to take such measures. In addition to his urgent appeal, on 22 August 2012, the Special Rapporteur issued a public statement calling upon all parties concerned to engage in a process of dialogue to resolve the issues related to the proposed sale of the site, known as Pe’e Sla, and noting that these issues were representative of the problems brought to the attention of the Special Rapporteur during his official visit to the United States in 2012 regarding the efforts of indigenous peoples to protect culturally and spiritually significant areas that are no longer under their exclusive ownership or control.
159. On 2 January 2013, the Government of the United States provided a brief response to the Special Rapporteur stating that it “understands that several tribes purchased the Pe’ Sla sacred site” around 30 November 2012 and thanking the Special Rapporteur for his “advocacy on behalf of the protection of indigenous cultural heritage.”
Observations
160. The Special Rapporteur is grateful to the Government for its response and the information regarding the purchase of the Pe’ Sla sacred site. While he considers the stated development to be positive, in that the tribes have regained control of the site, he nonetheless is concerned that protection of this sacred site came only because the indigenous peoples who are the traditional owners of the site themselves mounted a campaign to purchase it. He notes that the Government did not respond to his specific questions about the steps it was taking to protect the site in favor of the indigenous peoples concerned. Recalling his report on his visit to the United States, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his call on the Government to adequately address, within a spirit of reconciliation, indigenous peoples concerns about maintaining access to and protection of sacred places, including in relation to the Black Hills in South Dakota, an area that was illegally taken from them (A/HRC/21/47.Add.1, paras. 40, 43, 90).
35. United States of America
Case No. USA 2/2013: Reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)
161. In a joint communication of 18 February 2013, and a press release issued the following day, the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples along with the Special Rapporteur on violence against women its causes and consequences urged reauthorization of the federal Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). The Special Rapporteurs noted that reauthorization of the Act was important in order to build upon its achievements and to continue to improve the Government’s ability to hold perpetrators of violence against women accountable, including non-native perpetrators who commit acts of sexual and domestic violence within Native-American jurisdictions.
162. In a communication dated 16 May 2013, the Government of the United States responded to the Special Rapporteurs, stating that the United States Congress had reauthorized the VAWA in February and that the President signed it into law on 7 March 2013.
Observations
163. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of the United States for its response. He was pleased to learn of the reauthorization of the VAWA, which the Government reports continues effective programs and expands the protections and services available to survivors of violence. Further, he is encouraged by information provided by the Government affirming that the extension of the VAWA contains an important provision that permits indigenous tribes to prosecute non-indigenous perpetrators of violence against indigenous women for acts that are carried out on indigenous lands.
164. The Special Rapporteur considers the reauthorization of the VAWA as an important step towards addressing the high rates of violence experienced by Native American women. The Special Rapporteur addressed the serious issue of violence against Native American women, and the importance of the VAWA, in his report on the situation of indigenous peoples in the United States, which followed his official visit to the country in 2012 (A/HRC/21/47.Add.1, para. 36).
36. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Caso no. VEN 3/2013: El asesinato del líder indígena yukpa, Sabino Romero Izarra
· Repuesta del Estado: Ninguna
165. En su comunicación conjunta del 5 de abril de 2013, los Relatores Especiales sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas; sobre la situación de los defensores de los derechos humanos; y sobre las ejecuciones extrajudiciales, sumarias o arbitrarias llevaron a la atención del Gobierno de Venezuela la información recibida sobre el asesinato del líder indígena yukpa, Sabino Romero Izarra, ocurrido el 3 de marzo de 2013 en la Sierra de Perijá, estado de Zulia. Según las alegaciones recibidas, el asesinato del Sr. Romero se debió a sus actividades por la reivindicación de los derechos territoriales del pueblo yukpa, lo cual había ocasionado serias disputas y enfrentamientos con propietarios de fincas ganaderas a lo largo de los años, así como amenazas y atentados contra él y su familia. La situación de conflictividad social que ha vivido el pueblo yukpa en la Sierra de Perijá fue objeto de previos intercambios de información entre el Relator Especial sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas y el Gobierno de Venezuela (A/HRC/12/34/Add.1, párrs. 448-465 y A/HRC/15/37/Add.1, párrs. 456-461).
166. La comunicación de los Relatores Especiales tomó nota de las investigaciones iniciales por parte del Ministerio Público tras el asesinato de Sr. Romero. Asimismo, se tomó nota de la información recibida sobre las medidas de protección policial otorgadas a la viuda y a familiares del Sr. Romero por motivo de los posibles riesgos que pudieran enfrentar. Por otro lado, se había alegado que los miembros del pueblo yukpa habían exigido al Gobierno que también investigue las muertes de otros siete dirigentes yukpa presuntamente asesinados en 2012 por ganaderos locales.
Observations
167. El Relator Especial lamenta que no consta en los expedientes de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos una respuesta a su comunicación del 5 de abril de 2013. El Relator Especial quisiera reiterar el llamado hecho en esa comunicación de investigar la muerte del Sr. Romero y de sancionar a los responsables de su muerte, de acuerdo a los estándares obligaciones internacionales. Asimismo, el Relator Especial espera que se hayan implementado cabalmente las medidas de protección que, según la información reflejada en la comunicación de los Relatores Especiales, fueron otorgadas a favor de la viuda y demás familiares del Sr. Romero.
168. Con respecto al tema de las reivindicaciones territoriales del pueblo yukpa, el Relator Especial reitera su previa recomendación de que el Gobierno agilice “la actuación de las instituciones nacionales encargadas de resolver las demandas por el reconocimiento legal de los territorios de las comunidades yukpa conforme a la normativa internacional de derechos humanos, y en coordinación con cualquier otras instituciones correspondientes, y [que facilite] la restitución de territorios ancestrales de los yukpa y la mediación de conflictos que dicho proceso de restitución podría generar” (A/HRC/15/37/Add.1, párr. 461). El Relator Especial continuará monitoreando cualquier avance en el proceso de demarcación y titulación de las tierras indígenas yukpa.
37. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Caso no. VEN 6/2012: Alegaciones sobre una supuesta masacre de indígenas yanomami de la comunidad Irotatheri, en el Estado de Amazonas, por mineros ilegales
169. En su comunicación del 4 de septiembre de 2012, el Relator Especial llamó la atención urgente del Gobierno de Venezuela con respecto a las alegaciones recibidas sobre una masacre de ochenta indígenas yanomami en el Estado de Amazonas que supuestamente habría ocurrido el 5 de julio de 2012. Según las alegaciones un grupo de mineros ilegales llegaron a la comunidad yanomami de Irotatheri, Estado de Amazonas y procedieron a asesinar a los miembros de la comunidad utilizando armas de fuego y luego incendiaron la casa comunal donde se encontraban las víctimas. Según las alegaciones recibidas, los indígenas yanomami por varios años han denunciado ante funcionarios de Gobierno sobre la presencia de mineros ilegales en sus territorios, y sobre actos de violencia física, amenazas, abusos de mujeres, y contaminación ambiental ocasionados por los mineros ilegales.
170. En su respuesta del 17 de septiembre de 2012, el Gobierno informó que tras realizar las respectivas investigaciones pudo constatar que la presunta masacre no había ocurrido. Agregó que la información sobre la supuesta masacre fue dada a conocer por una ONG internacional y difundida por los medios de comunicación nacionales e internacionales sin que se hubiera verificado previamente los hechos.
Observaciones
171. El Relator Especial agradece al Gobierno de Venezuela por su respuesta, y valora el hecho de que el Gobierno haya emprendido una investigación de los hechos alegados y expresa su satisfacción de que no se haya dado la presunta masacre. No obstante lo anterior, el Relator Especial mantiene su preocupación por las situación de alta vulnerabilidad de los yanomami en la zona fronteriza de Venezuela y Brasil frente a la presencia de mineros ilegales. Mediante una carta con fecha 7 de septiembre de 2012, el Relator Especial se dirigió al Gobierno de Venezuela expresando su interés en realizar una visita in situ para examinar esta situación. El Gobierno todavía no ha respondido a esta solicitud.
NOTES
[1]Attawapiskat First Nation v. Canada (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development), 2012 FC 948, 1 August 2012, para. 90.
[2] African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 276/03: Centre for Minority Development (Kenya) and Minority Rights Group (on behalf of Endorois Welfare Council)/Kenya [ACHPR Endorois decision].
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